Samsung Electronics Business Plan

Samsung Electronics established in 1969 with its central command in Samsung Town, Seoul, is a piece of the Samsung Group, which incorporates many organizations with tremendous interests. Through the most recent 40 years, the organization had ascended to turn into a worldwide innovator in the shopper hardware brands showcase with its imaginative items, for example, cell phones, TVs, and screens. At present, Samsung Electronics drives the Samsung auxiliaries with in excess of 157,000 representatives in their different get together plants and deals organize across 65 nations around the world. With its income of $117. 4 billion of every 2009, it has gotten one of the world class hardware organization. Besides, Samsung Electronics industry is customer gadgets, Telecommunications and semiconductor. As indicated by data of their corporate site, from its pioneer activities of a fare business, the organization has stripped into gadgets with claim to fame in computerized, media, and microchips, recollections, and frameworks mix. At present, the company’s inventive arrangements on items and procedures are perceived all inclusive. The organization achieved an authority position in the year 2009 when it outperformed pioneer Hewlett-Packard the recent chief. Significantly, as a reaction to the downturn in the economy in 2009, Samsung Electronics of Seoul, South Korea, ‘implemented a basic rearrangement to turn out to be increasingly effective to manage intensifying financial conditions. As per a Samsung representative Hwang Eun-ju, the progressions were important to â€Å"effectively react to the current worldwide downturn. † Samsung set out on an administration basic change from the sole Chief Executive Officer framework, to a double administration structure with viable groups. Objectives. Given progressive changes and openings computerized age has brought to worldwide organizations, Samsung gadgets has and will consistently react with trend setting innovations serious items and creativity. Throughout the following five years and that's just the beginning, Samsung Electronics’ objective is to show unfazed responsibility to making life simpler and progressively agreeable for its purchasers by exploiting the group’s key qualities: â€Å"New Technology,† â€Å"Innovative Products,† and â€Å"Creative Solutions. † Suffice it to state now that, in all the previously mentioned objectives, controlling income and benefit will be an undercurrent. Items Samsung Electronics is the worldwide driving maker of memory chips, LCDs, and level screen TVs, and is serious in portable makes. For longer than 10 years, Samsung has kept up its driving situation in microchip making. The organization additionally fabricates a variety of home apparatuses, TV/sound and video, cameras, and camcorders, screens, and note pads, and print arrangements. In the region of remote systems administration, Samsung Electronics created conventions that were acknowledged globally and utilized generally in outside business sectors. Synopsis Organizational structure, control, and planning systems are key factors for key execution. A versatile authoritative structure encourages changes in system, serious moves, and changes in the earth. (Deresky, 2010, p. 257). Samsung Electronics which is a lead of the Samsung bunch has cut a specialty for its self in the purchaser hardware showcase. Their significant objective is to remain imaginative to offer an incentive to their center gatherings the business, accomplices, and representatives. In doing this nonetheless, a hierarchical structure that supports income the board and benefit will be raised to battle negative financial patterns. References * Deresky, H. (2011). Worldwide administration: Managing across fringes and societies (seventh ed.).  Boston, MA: Prentice Hall. Samsung beats HP to post position. Budgetary Times. Recovered April 23, 2011 from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/c48d477a-0c3b-11df-8b81-00144feabdc0.html. Samsung Electronics Background. Recovered, April 24, 2011 from ceridian.co.uk  www.ceridian.co.uk/hr/handouts/Samsung

Why Do We Have to Die in Games Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

For what reason Do We Have to Die in Games - Essay Example We may pay a sum, or acknowledge a game misfortune to return from the jaws of death, to continue our place in the game. Moreover, toward the finish of the article as well, she recommends that the individuals who play computer games and are assaulted by laser-weapon conveying space-men ought to understand that being loaded with shots implies a certainty, and not only that this consequence could get them transported to the nearby Starbucks for a cappuccino. We may draw the derivation from this, that what Bevan proposes is that computer games should (maybe) not use 'passing' however some different methods for killing players. Throughout talking about computer games, Bevan additionally takes a gander at how other media or methods for amusement/games manage the issue of wiping out players. For example, in conventional 'games'. Group games have set principles and a time span. As indicated by these guidelines, players are disposed of so that inside the given time a specific group is empowered to be pronounced 'victor'. This limited time period duplicates reality. Despite the fact that the end of players as indicated by the principles of the game not the slightest bit looks like passing. Likewise, in a game like a tennis, it is conceivable to lose a set, yet return to dominate a game. Bevan additionally takes a gander at how the subject of death is happened in front of an audience or on the screen. Here, the crowd experiences a procedure of recognizable proof with the hero. On account of an activity film, regularly the 'saint' gets pulverized by the trouble makers and is near death before he out of nowhere gets sufficiently empowered to return at them, to win the day. Notwithstanding, Bevan doesn't unequivocally make reference to an indispensable contrast in the jobs of an individual watching a play and an individual playing a computer game. In a play, the crowd and the player are independent substances. The result can't be influenced by the crowd. (In an unscripted TV drama like 'Enormous Boss-as Bevan specifies the crowd can influence the result, yet the association between the vote of a solitary individual from the crowd and this result Bevan doesn't specify this is dubious.) In a computer game, the player is both the crowd and co-maker of the result. This is a significant contrast between a computer game and a play/film, which prompts various degrees of mental inclusion in the game and its result, with respect to the player. To that degree, a computer game turns out to be all the more consistent with life. Bevan makes reference to the three objectives of playing computer games endogenous, exogenous and diegetic. Endogenous objectives exist in all games-these are the objectives looked to be accomplished according to the principles of the game. (For example, in chess, the endogenous objective of every player is to registration her adversary and abstain from being checkmated). An exogenous objective originates from without. I may play a match to dominate cash, or to mortify my adversary, etc. The exogenous intention isn't inborn in the game itself. Diegetic objectives are those that a player tries to accomplish when he pretends. At the point when a game has a few characters with their own characterized character, the player who expect a job attempts to accomplish the objectives as though he were really the job he was playing. This includes subsuming my character to take on the one as characterized by a job, given in the game.

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons Part 2

Writing Tips How to Use Commas and Semicolons Part 2 Need some writing help with how to use commas and semicolons? Check out Part 1 of this series if you haven’t already, then read on for more punctuation rules and how to fix a comma splice. Semicolons are the proper punctuation marks to use when you want to connect two strings of words that could stand on their own as full sentences, but that are so closely related that you want to make them part of the same sentence. If you read my article last week, you saw some examples of that.   Heres how it works: The following word strings could all  stand as sentences on their own: In high school I was certain of my academic strengths. The daughter and younger sister of doctors, I excelled in math and science and dreaded every English course I was ever forced to take. Addison’s Disease is a chronic adrenal insufficiency that leads to liver failure, kidney failure, effusions, and in some cases, death. I was determined that it would not kill my brother. When you put a comma between two sentences, it is called a “comma splice” and it is an incorrect way to use a comma! The following is an INCORRECT use of a comma: [INCORRECT] In high school I was certain of my academic strengths, I excelled in math and science. See how each of the two parts of the sentence can stand on its own? In high school I was certain of my academic strengths. I excelled in math and science. You can fix a comma splice in one of three ways: 1.   Replace the comma with a period: [CORRECT] In high school I was certain of my academic strengths. I excelled in math and science. 2. Add a conjunction, such as or or and,  after the comma: [CORRECT] In high school I was certain of my academic strengths, and excelled in math and science. 3. If the sentences are closely related,  replace the comma with a semi-colon: [CORRECT] In high school I was certain of my academic strengths; I excelled in math and science. Conversely, if you have two parts of your sentence that do NOT stand on their own, it is INCORRECT to connect them with a semicolon. Here are two examples of an INCORRECT use of a semicolon: [INCORRECT] Finally you can convert all those friends on Facebook into something useful; spreading the word about your skills, experience and what a great hire you would make. Can you see that while the first part of this sentence is a sentence (“Finally you can convert all those friends on Facebook into something useful.”), the second part of the sentence is NOT a sentence (“Spreading the word about your skills, experience and what a great hire you would make.”).   Therefore   it is INCORRECT to divide them with a semicolon; a comma would have been the correct punctuation mark to insert between them. Another example: [INCORRECT] The Justice Action Center would allow me to study and work in anti-discrimination law and criminal law; a few areas for which I have gained a passion. Again, the second part of this sentence, “a few areas for which I have gained a passion,” does NOT stand on its own as a sentence, so we need a comma. If you use your ear here, you’ll HEAR the difference.   Read the sentences aloud, and you will hear an upward inflection after the word “useful” in the first example and “law” in the second example. This upward inflection indicates what?   You got it. A comma. Here are the correctly punctuated sentences: [CORRECT] Finally you can convert all those friends on Facebook into something useful, spreading the word about your skills, experience and what a great hire you would make. [CORRECT] The Justice Action Center would allow me to study and work in anti-discrimination law and criminal law, a few areas for which I have gained a passion. Are you working on an academic paper, cover letter, college application essay, or other writing project? Do you still have questions about whether you’ve used commas and semicolons correctly?  Contact The Essay Expert for professional writing help!

What Makes A Patent - 1438 Words

Every engineer strives to achieve a certain goal throughout their career. Some focus on becoming successful both in their job and in their lives, while others work to build a better world. Some engineers might have different goals, yet each engineer reaches certain milestones throughout their career that have a worthy value. Creating a patent, is by far one of the most prestigious achievements an engineer, inventor, or anyone acquire in their lifetime. Being able to brainstorm and formulate a specific item or article no other has thought of is truly something that most can only dream of. Yet what does making a patent really consist of, apart from bragging rights and maybe self-satisfaction? Patents serve as potential money-making ideas that can increase in value over time. Some patents can be worth millions while others have less worth than your pocket change. Regardless of the exact amount a patent can be worth, they still hold value which could potentially increase over time, makin g it a worthy investment. Next, having a patent hung up in one’s office or stated in a resume or CV is truly an eye-catching achievement that is highly regarded. It represents one’s creative and innovative abilities which can be very much needed when applying for a job or a certain position within a company. Finally, patents allow one to sell, use or make an invention with under legal protection from the country they live in. The key word there is invention, which is an idea or creation that canShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Biological Patent?1531 Words   |  7 PagesATENTING ORGANISM â€Å"A biological patent is a patent on an invention in the field of biology that by law allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the protected invention for a limited period of time. The scope and reach of biological patents vary among jurisdictions, and may include biological technology and products, genetically modified organisms and genetic material. The applicability of patents to substances and processes wholly or partially naturalRead MoreInternational Patent1336 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Patent: Everything You Need to Know An international patent, also referred to a PCT patent application, is a request that your invention be patented outside of the United States. It is important to note that there is really no such thing as an â€Å"international patent.† Rather, if you want to obtain patent protection in countries outside of the United States, you’ll file a PCT patent application. PCT, also referred to as Patent Cooperation Treaty, is an international patent treaty that providesRead MoreThe Conflict of Gene Patents914 Words   |  4 PagesPatents are licenses granted by the government that give permission to an inventor the right to rent, hire, or sell his invention. In the science community gene patents have created conflict between those who believe that patents have helped science and those who believe it is actually hindering science advances. Genes are important because they are the heredity of a living organism and it is given from a parent to their offspring. Scientist study genes to find cures for the many diseases foundRead MoreU.s. Patent Law And United States Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States, both U.S. Patent Law and U.S. â€Å" Food and Drug Administration† (FDA) law govern the exclusivity rights for new pharmaceutical products. As Chinese companies invest research time and money in developing new drugs, it is important to keep in mind both the relevant U.S. patent law and the applicable FDA law that could affect the exclusivity period for that drug in the United States. Mistakes in not obtaining proper patent coverage or satisfying the FDA laws could cost the drug companyRead MoreResearch Articles On Plant Patents1589 Words   |  7 PagesResearch articles can be quite complex and adding patents to the mix seems to make the comprehensive level even more challenging. In this paper lies three parts commonly seen within a research article and explains how each of them are connected and deemed vital for approval of a plant patent. The three parts are the methods done in the experiment, the results from the experiment, and the textual features that make the article more credible and organized. This paper will go on to talk about a coupleRead MoreWhy Are Patents Important For Technology?1745 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: What is a Patent? (Natashua Hester) A patent is a limit of property rights that are related to an idea or an invention, which is granted by the United States Patent Trademark Office (Ji, 2011). Patents laws were created in 1787 by Constitution Article I 8 Class 3, which regulates commerce within a foreign nations, states and the trade of Indian tribes (Calvert, 2016). The U.S. Constitution Article I Class 8 stated that progress innovated by Science and Arts are secured by limitedRead MoreHow 3d Printing Is Not A New Technology1704 Words   |  7 Pagesfuture. The only thing that stands in their way is patent infringement. The purpose of this analytical report is to describe how 3D printing relates to patent infringement and decide how companies should address issues pertaining to 3D printing. I will be referring to three different source materials throughout this report: A Harvard law journal note, an article from a private law firm dealing with patents, and a howstuffworks article on patent infringement. Issue overview 3D printing is not a newRead MorePatent Litigation: Apple versus Its Competitors1051 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Patent litigation: Apple versus its competitors According to U.S. law, a patent (as distinct from a trademark or a copyright) is a property right for an invention granted by a government to the inventor and is designed to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling their invention throughout the United States or importing their invention into the United States for a limited time (Bellis, 2012, what is a patent). It allows inventors to profit from their innovationsRead MoreApplication Letter For A Design Patent1383 Words   |  6 Pagesinfringement on three of their design patent. Sparking a national debate about infringement and kick starting the patent wars. but what exactly is a design patent and why should we care? In this paper, I hope to inform the reader on what a design patent is, what is the use of a design patent, the requirement of obtaining a design patent, and a look into the ethical issue surrounding patent assertion entities before we can talk about what a design patent is, we first must know what a design is. According to theRead MorePatent Rights, And Foreign Patent Protection975 Words   |  4 Pagesencyclopedia excerpt on the patent it explains what may be patented, obtaining a patent, the nature of patent rights, and foreign patent protection. To begin, this article describes what maybe patented. There are three types of patents utility patents, design patents, and plant patents. Each of these give the inventors ownership of their idea or invention. The utility patent is created for the usefulness of the invention. The utility patent is the most common patent used. A design patent is how the invention

Essay about A Summary of Beowulf - 662 Words

Beowulf begins with a history of the great Danish King Scyld (whose funeral is described in the Prologue). King Hrothgar, Scylds great-grandson, is well loved by his people and successful in war. He builds a lavish hall, called Heorot, to house his vast army, and when the hall is finished, the Danish warriors gather under its roof to celebrate. Grendel, a monster who lives at the bottom of a nearby mere, is provoked by the singing and celebrating of Hrothgars followers. He appears at the hall late one night and kills thirty of the warriors in their sleep. For the next twelve years, the fear of Grendels fury casts a shadow over the lives of the Danes. Hrothgar and his advisors can think of nothing to calm the monsters anger.†¦show more content†¦He tears off the monsters arm at the shoulder, but Grendel escapes, only to die soon afterward at the bottom of his snake-infested mere. The Danish warriors, who have fled the hall in fear, return singing songs in praise of Beowulfs t riumph. Hrothgar rewards Beowulf with a great store of treasures. After another banquet, the warriors of both the Geats and the Danes retire for the night. Unknown to the warriors, however, Grendels mother is plotting revenge (see Grendels Mothers Attack). She arrives at the hall when all the warriors are sleeping and carries off Aeschere, Hrothgars chief advisor along with her sons claw. (Click here to see the infamous claw!) Beowulf offers to dive to the bottom of the lake, find the monster and destroy her. He and his men follow the monsters tracks to the cliff overlooking the lake where Grendels mother lives. They see Aescheres bloody head sitting on the cliff. While preparing for battle, Beowulf asks Hrothgar to protect his warriors, and to send his treasures to his uncle, King Hygelac, if he doesnt return safely. Before Beowulf goes into the sea, Unferth offers him his sword, Hrunting. During the ensuing battle Grendels mother carries Beowulf to her underwater home. After a terrible fight, Beowulf kills the monster with a magical sword, probably put there by the Al-Weilder, that he finds on the wall of her home. He also finds Grendels dead body, cuts off the head, and returns toShow MoreRelatedBeowulf s Legacy : A Summary859 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf’s Legacy: A summary of what the story of Beowulf taught the Anglo-Saxons to become a better people You’re on the ground. You’re bleeding, blood gushing out as though it was a geyser. You can’t hear anything, vision is failing you, and you’re just now realizing where you are. The setting is a battlefield. Gore and loss are mixed with the scent of gunpowder and smoke. You look toward what you think was the enemy; a tank. It’s barreling toward you, but you are petrified. You glance behindRead MoreA Summary of Beowulf Essay981 Words   |  4 Pages Beowulf begins with a history of the Danish kings. Hrothgar is the present king of the Danes. He builds a hall, called Heorot, to house his army. The Danish soldiers gather under its roof to celebrate and have fellowship with each other. Grendel, who lives at the bottom of a nearby swamp, is awakened and disgusted by the singing of Hrothgars men. He comes to the hall late one night and kills thirty of the warriors in their sleep. For the next twelve years Grendel stalks the mead hall knownRead MoreSummary Of Heaney And Beowulf1322 Words   |  6 PagesIn this era that Beowulf is in, its prime time for warriors, and the culture displayed in each poem forwards it. In this time warriors hold the power, possibly even more than kings, and in this way of life Beowulf thrives, and people take notice. Eventually, he obtains a position of power and leads his people to a time of peace. However, the peaceful time is cut short when Beowulf dies and leaves his people with no hair to take over . Beowulf protected his people so well he shielded them from theRead MoreA Summary of the Epic of Beowulf Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pages Beowulf is a story that takes place in medieval Europe, the main part of the story is about a knight, Beowulf, who has to fight evil creatures such as a dragon. No one is exactly sure who wrote Beowulf, Paleographers believe that the soul surviving manuscript was copied down in the late tenth century or early eleventh. This early copy of Beowulf is still around today. This single manuscript can be found in the British Library in London. Scholars believe that the story itself was written betweenRead MoreBeowulf, The Epic Hero1373 Words   |  6 PagesJoyner December 12, 2015 Beowulf, The Epic Hero In Anglo Saxon times, Beowulf is considered a well known epic hero. â€Å"Epic heroes are literary characters from ancient mythology and other stories, which were written down in the form of long, narrative epic poems. The hero is the main character, or protagonist of the poem†(Epic Hero: Definition, Characteristics Examples.). The epic hero usually battles for accomplishments to a set of tasks to complete important goals. Beowulf is described as an epicRead MoreBeowulf s Last Battle Of The Epic Hero954 Words   |  4 Pagesmother, the epic hero, Beowulf, faces his third and final monster, a dragon that has been attacking Geatland. But this last battle will be completely different than the ones before, and spells the end for our epic hero. !!!Beowulf s Last Battle Starting around line 2200 of the great epic poem __ Beowulf __, we have the entrance of the last of the monsters that Beowulf must overcome as part of the epic hero cycle. But this battle is unlike the earlier battles Beowulf faced as a young warriorRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf And The Three Battles 725 Words   |  3 PagesBingaman Mr. Strausbaugh British Literature 18 September 2015 Beowulf and the Three Battles According to Michael Delahoyde Kings should display the heroic ideal and be known for an extraordinary and courageous feat or for success in war, all preceded by some boasting. In the epic poem, Beowulf eventually became king and even before that time, the people looked up to him for his bravery and courage. Beowulf bragged often and although battling certain enemies seemed grueling, he keptRead MoreTheme Of Evil In Beowulf996 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf versus Evil   Ã‚  Ã‚   Heroes can be in our everyday life or someone you’ve seen only once but all of our heroes have something in common. Their heroic traits make up who they are and some character traits my heroes have in common are kindness, courage, intelligence, and empathy. Beowulf is also a hero in my eyes because he possesses all of these traits and more. What traits do your heroes have in common? Robert Nye’s long poem, Beowulf: a New Telling, is a fictional long poem about a hero, BeowulfRead MoreWhy Is Beowulf Considered A Hero?983 Words   |  4 PagesMay 2016 Why is Beowulf considered a hero? Beowulf, an epic hero of his time, has some people that don’t think he should be considered a hero, but I think otherwise. He killed many monsters, and creatures from various places, saving the people who live(d) there, and this is the definition of a hero, â€Å"a person, typically a man, who is admired or idealized for courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities.† That definition really describes Beowulf because of the outstandingRead MoreHeroes : A Comparison Of Beowulf And Wolverine750 Words   |  3 PagesFrom the medieval times to the aftermath of World War II we have two different but extremely similar hero figures in history. One was Beowulf, an inexperienced warrior who turned into a developed king. The other was what some would call abnormal who was later turned into a science experiment known as Wolverine. Beowulf and Wolverine are very harsh and pitiless when it comes to conflict. From ripping limbs off with crude strength to tearing their enemies into pieces, it goes to show just how

Prison culture Free Essays

Encounter and Synthesis You will conduct an in-depth, I-hour interview with an individual or married couple from your selected cultural group to develop an understanding of the cultural factors that helped shape that individual’s (or couple’s) cultural identity. A variety of Issues may be explored in the Interview. The knowledge you gained from Parts 1 and 2, as well as your sense of the person/couple you Interview, will gulled you in how personal you can get with your questions. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison culture or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cultural groups and Individuals ray on how private they are. SE their feedback regarding what areas you can probe. If the person is very open, go deeper. If not, then respect that cultural boundary and ask yourself why this boundary is there. Issues that you may wish to explore during the interview include, but are not limited to, the following: 1. Early childhood experiences and parental values 2. Earliest memories of recognizing membership in a culturally different group 3. The role of religion/spirituality 4. Immigration experiences 5. Similarities/differences between couples’ interactions in the U. S. Compared to in he person’s original culture 6. School experiences as a member of a cultural minority 7. Experiences with subtle racism or discrimination 8. Experiences with overt racism or discrimination 9. Ways the person/couple chose his/her/their career(s) or made career choices 10. The experience of being culturally different 1 1 . Attitudes about the â€Å"majority culture 12. Extent of desire to assimilate majority cultural attitudes, values, and lifestyles 13. Feelings of oppression 14. Feelings of anger toward majority culture 15. From the person’s/couple’s own cultural background, are there any racist attitudes toward or stereotyping of individuals from other particular cultures? 6. Strengths identified from the person’s/couple’s cultural background that help him/ her/them cope with living in the U. S. Once your Interview Is done, you will answer the questions below. Read all the questions before you begin so you will not repeat yourself. First person may be used in your answers. While this i s not a regular academic paper (since it can be in outline form, consists of answering questions, and can be in first persons you must observe correct and current PAP style (1†³ margins, h† indents of paragraphs, everything bubble-spaced, correct citation style if used, etc. ). How to cite Prison culture, Papers

Skepticism About a Refutation of Skepticism free essay sample

â€Å"Skepticism about a Refutation of Skepticism† In â€Å"The Refutation of Skepticism†, Jonathan Vogel establishes an â€Å"Inference to the Best Explanation† (hereafter, â€Å"IBE†) as a means to refute skepticism about the external world. In this refutation, Vogel acknowledges that skepticism about IBE still remains a possibility, but that this kind of skepticism would be rather outlandish in character and thus could be ignored. This paper shall both establish and evaluate Vogel’s reasoning as to why he confidently dismisses any skepticism pertaining to his IBE, and furthermore will illuminate some points as to why Vogel may have mischaracterized potential threats to his method, leaving his refutation of skepticism vulnerable to doubt that is not as unorthodox as he believes it to be. IBE is a method for promoting our ordinary, everyday beliefs about the external world (referred to as â€Å"mundane propositions†) into knowledge in the face of equally plausible skeptical competitors, which aim to deny that we have such knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Skepticism About a Refutation of Skepticism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is founded upon the underdetermination principle, which governs knowledge by evaluating competing hypotheses for whichever has the most epistemic merit compared to the alternatives. However, the question of â€Å"what factors add to or subtract from epistemic merit is a crucial, but controversial, matter† (Vogel, 73) that leaves the criteria for knowledge in a susceptible state. The issue that IBE sets out to solve is that both mundane propositions and their competing skeptical arguments have equal epistemic merit in virtue of the underdetermination principle – giving skeptics the ability to use a form of the deceiver argument to â€Å"show†¦by our own lights, we lack knowledge of the world we think we have† (Vogel, 73). Vogel identifies this position as â€Å"domestic skepticism† because it aims to challenge our ordinary knowledge claims by use of accepted epistemic principles (thus not challenging these principles as well) – and he targets this as the skepticism that is inimical to our knowledge of the world, in need of refutation by IBE. Vogel considers a belief of epistemic merit to be the hypothesis that achieves the most explanatory success for a relevant body of facts – so ccording to IBE, one has good reason to accept a belief that is able to provide the best explanation pertaining to our mental lives compared to any alternative views. Yet still we are faced with the same conundrum – both ordinary claims and those motivated by the deceiver argument could effectively explain our mental lives, and we have no means to assess which is better – leaving them equal in explanatory success. With this being so, IBE holds that simplicity follows as the next criterion. So when faced with two explanations that are equally as plausible, the simpler account would be considered the better one, and thereby justified as â€Å"known† courtesy of IBE. Why does Vogel consider simplicity to be the guide to truth for IBE? As previously mentioned, our mental lives are what need to be best explained by a belief. Vogel takes it that â€Å"we are committed to a body of epistemic principles that govern what we count as knowledge, justified belief, and the like† (Vogel, 73) and believes that inductive confirmation is an inherent part of how our mental lives function. For example, if we have experienced the sun rise every day and assume that it will rise again tomorrow, we are using induction to reach this conclusion. Induction is a generally accepted principle by philosophers and non-philosophers alike, which presupposes the observed serves as a guide to the unobserved; our knowledge of the past and present can guide our predictions for the future – giving us the impression that the world has a tendency to be simply â€Å"nice and neat†; that there is a general sense of order to things. Non-entailed beliefs are also justified by induction, which leaves us â€Å"room for error† in these mere assumptions we make by hypothesizing from what we know. Vogel claims that since IBE focuses on our mental lives, it goes hand-in-hand with inductive confirmation. Therefore it accepts â€Å"hypotheses that aren’t entailed by the evidence that supports them† (Vogel, 79) and also appeals to the notion of simplicity that induction implies that the world is â€Å"nice and neat† and straightforward in how it functions. So how is this supposed to serve as a successful refutation of skepticism? To make sense of this, it should first be understood exactly how IBE qualifies its requirement for simplicity, and also what Vogel understands both mundane propositions and skeptical arguments to be comprised of. The assumption that the world works in ways that are simple, implied from the principle of induction, is construed by Vogel to mean that the better explanation would be the belief involving the fewest complexities and least number of parts to argue. Vogel is under the impression that skeptical arguments involve much more complexity in order to make them parallel the ordinary beliefs they aim to compete with, and cites the example that for ordinary properties such as shape and location that could be involved in a mundane proposition, the skeptic would have to invoke a much more elaborate explanation for why we are experiencing pseudo-shapes and pseudo-locations. This leaves the skeptical argument at a major disadvantage when assessed by IBE’s requirement for simplicity, allowing for the mundane proposition to be deemed the better explanation because of its capability to explain things â€Å"as they are† instead of â€Å"why they appear to be as they are but really are not† – maintaining that ordinary beliefs shall always be what is to be justified by IBE, leaving their skeptical competitors consistently refuted. As mentioned earlier, IBE is solely a refutation of â€Å"domestic skepticism† – what Vogel sees as the only legitimate threat to our knowledge, because it utilizes our epistemic principles as a means to undermine our concept of what knowledge is and show that we truly lack knowledge of anything in our world. He acknowledges some potential skeptical criticisms that remain regarding the methodology of IBE, and admits that he is unable to provide any refutations for these – thus he does not argue directly for IBE’s validity, as much as entertain it as a plausible inference for best refuting skepticism. Yet he also discusses the existence of a broader form of skepticism which he terms â€Å"exotic skepticism†, that aims to challenge both our ordinary knowledge claims and the legitimacy of our epistemic principles used to make any of these judgments but quickly dismisses this type of doubt as anything worthy of our attention, due to its apparently outlandish, radical nature. With the intention of upholding IBE’s status as a successful refutation of skepticism (in theory, at least), Vogel concludes that any skepticism about IBE itself cannot be refuted, but also needn’t be. This is because of how he connects IBE with induction meaning that any kind of skepticism about IBE would also undoubtedly be skepticism about induction in general, which appears to be a significant part of our mental lives and is therefore considered a generally accepted epistemic principle. If one were to doubt a generally accepted principle such as this, it would be regarded as a form of â€Å"exotic skepticism† and consequently may be reasonably ignored, due to the radical position one would be forced to take against one’s mental life. Therefore, any skepticism about IBE would be â€Å"exotic† in character by Vogel’s definition and could be reasonably ignored. It seems apparent that Vogel’s methodology is flawed on multiple levels of consideration, allowing several opportunities for IBE to entirely collapse as a successful refutation of skepticism. A clear point for criticism is how Vogel draws the distinction between what he calls â€Å"domestic† and â€Å"exotic† skepticism, and the way he uses this distinction to give strength to his formulation of IBE. Vogel bases his division of skepticism into these two categories upon whether the doubt in question challenges our generally accepted epistemic principles or not – going on to claim that any skepticism that does contest these generally accepted principles may reasonably be ignored as anything worthy of consideration. Yet what exactly are the criteria for determining whether a principle is â€Å"generally accepted† or not, anyway? Is there even a concrete way to determine this? Let us assume, in Vogel’s favor, that a majority consensus is what gives rise to the â€Å"general acceptance† of something. Then indeed, induction would thereby qualify as a generally accepted principle. But even if so, it seems completely unreasonable for Vogel to promote the underlying idea here that the majority’s acceptance of something means that what is accepted is truer than any possible alternative, lesser-accepted options – thereby allowing us to summarily dismiss these alternatives altogether. Moreover, many qualified philosophers have reasonably doubted induction. Just because they do not comply with what has been accepted by the majority, does this make their arguments any less valid and worthy of being entirely ignored? Since we have no way of judging what is more or less true, it seems epistemically irresponsible to ignore doubts solely because they are not favored by a majority – for what if an alternative view does possess something closer to truth? This potential truth would then go entirely unnoticed; putting us at isk of straying further and further away from what is really true, in honor of an ignorant majority’s viewpoint instead. Even if we do grant the validity of how Vogel distinguishes â€Å"domestic† and â€Å"exotic† skepticism, IBE continues to beckon strong criticism in other ways that are just as crucial. Vogel places IBE and induction in a relationship he treats as inseparable, because of their mutual appeal to our mental li ves based upon the notion of simplicity. This connection alone seems to be a drastic overstatement, and the simplicity factor involved that Vogel strongly emphasizes is also quite faulty. Vogel claims that both induction and IBE are founded upon the idea that the world is â€Å"nice and neat† – thus rather than our experience with the external world being random and chaotic, instead we are able to use the observed as a reliable guide to the unobserved; our knowledge of the past and present to reasonably hypothesize about the future. From phenomena such as this, Vogel gleans that an assumption of â€Å"simplicity† is inherent to induction, and then transfers this idea to his evaluation for beliefs most relevant to our mental lives: IBE. There are several points of concern with this. Firstly, the assumption that the world is â€Å"nice and neat† given off from induction is something that is only implied by the principle, and in itself not actually justified. Additionally, the common forms of induction that support this assumption do not even rely upon the concept of â€Å"simplicity† as much as the concept of â€Å"continuity†. So not only does Vogel base his entire method off of something that is merely an unjustified assumption, but he also misinterprets a key factor of this assumption – his understanding of â€Å"continuity† to mean â€Å"simplicity† – and then makes this misinterpretation the essence of how IBE functions. Even if these errors were to be overlooked and it was upheld that simplicity is a justified factor for Vogel to work with in virtue of induction, a critical issue still remains: despite the features induction and IBE being presumably inseparable, the notion of simplicity Vogel derives from the nature of induction is of a drastically different character than how he qualifies the simplicity requirement of IBE – which is based strictly on the number and complexity of parts of an argument. For any and all of these reasons, IBE’s reliance upon the factor of simplicity appears to be a very illegitimate method of reasoning. Another challenge to IBE arises, even if all of the aforementioned problems went overlooked. Vogel is under the impression that skeptical competitors to beliefs must undoubtedly invoke more parts that require more complex explanations compared to the mundane propositions they rival, which is why he believes IBE’s simplicity requirement plays a significant role in refuting skepticism. However, is this really a valid assumption? Vogel seems to ignore the idea that skeptical doubts to our ordinary claims may involve explanations that are actually simpler than the ways in which we directly perceive the external world. Take it from a holist point of view, where everything is considered made up of one unified thing – whether it be God, energy, matter, whatever. This type of viewpoint is just as legitimate as the rest, and if IBE held, would surpass any other belief as the best explanation – which is not what Vogel intends at all. Lastly, let us not forget the initial â€Å"problem† that IBE sets out to combat – that skeptical arguments do indeed have the same epistemic merit as our mundane propositions, and are just as successful at explaining our mental lives because we truly do not have the capability of discerning which is better. Wouldn’t devising a method for justifying what we prefer to believe opposed to the alternatives be cheating ourselves out of potential truths that are not known to us, preventing us from having the expansive knowledge that we could, just so we could feel more comfortable? And wouldn’t the justification of our ordinary beliefs be pointless unless they really did have a greater tendency to be true? We truly don’t know if our mundane propositions are true, and if we settled for just validating all of them as knowledge and refuting any forms of doubt though IBE, it seems as if it would be impossible to ever make any advancements in what we even take to be ordinary knowledge. A proposition such as â€Å"the world is flat† could easily be justified by IBE over a proposition that the world is a sphere – and despite the latter being correct, it could be entirely dismissed. Perhaps a good amount of doubt may be healthy for our knowledge, rather than â€Å"dangerous†, as Vogel puts it – because by use of doubt in the face of what we take to have â€Å"ordinary† knowledge of, this could motivate us to further investigate our ordinary claims. Upon this further investigation, we then have the ability to advance our ordinary knowledge by realizing initial faults in our beliefs and replacing these with newer, decidedly more accurate beliefs that we discover; or by realizing that our previously held eliefs are still just as accurate as we’d initially understood them to be, we could confirm them with far more confidence than we’ve ever had – depending on the scenario. This seems much more progressive than refuting skepticism altogether. Vogel’s IBE as a method of refuting skepticism about the external world does not appear to be very successful. It should be kept in mind that even Vogel himself acknowledges some of the criticisms mentioned above as plausible threats to his argument, and admits that he is unable to provide successful refutations for them. Aside from this, his argument nevertheless includes several unreasonable and illegitimate methods of reasoning that cannot be ignored by any means. The criticisms of these issues of IBE would supposedly be forms of â€Å"exotic† skepticism, according to how Vogel believes he formulated his method but none of them seem to fit the description of being outlandish, radical, or unworthy of our attention – and most do not contest the legitimacy of the principles Vogel considers â€Å"generally accepted†, either. This further confirms the inadequacy of IBE to amount to anything successful, leaving skepticism to remain just as viable as our mundane propositions in our understanding of knowledge. Works Cited. Vogel, Jonathan. The Refutation of Skepticism. Contemporary Debates in Epistemology. Ed. Matthias Steup and Ernest Sosa. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005. 72-84. Print. [ 1 ]. If q is a competitor to p, then a subject S can know p only if p has more epistemic merit (for S) than q (Vogel, 73) [ 2 ]. . g. â€Å"I am currently looking at a piece of paper† [ 3 ]. e. g. â€Å"My brain is in a laboratory vat that is simulating the experience that I am looking at a piece of paper† [ 4 ]. (1) In order to know any mundane proposition about the world m, my belief that m must not be underdetermined. (2) My belief that m is underdetermined. (3) Therefore, I don’t know that m. (Vogel, 73) [ 5 ]. Our mental lives are the most relevant body of facts in any of these cases [ 6 ]. i. e. ur knowledge of the past and present cannot directly apply to the future, we can only hypothesize about it – it is impossible to have knowledge of the unknown so this uncertainty must be accounted for [ 7 ]. Of a â€Å"domestic† form that goes along with our generally accepted epistemic principles [ 8 ]. Holding the assumption that induction is one of these accepted epistemic principles due to how our mental lives generally function [ 9 ]. This is how Vogel views â€Å"exotic skepticism† [ 10 ]. These are common forms of inductive confirmation [ 11 ]. Reasoning from observed to unobserved, past and present to future, etc.

Demand in Health Care Economics

Similar to most goods, the demand of services increases with the increase of income among consumers. It also depends on the quality of the stated services and thus better services are demanded more than poor services. Health care services are no exception. Their demand rise and fall in response to price changes and consumer income changes. The health care market is also influenced by the accessibility of information and the precision between the general practitioner, who is the supplier and the patient-consumer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Demand in Health Care Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another major determinant of demand for both private and public health care is the insurance premiums rates. The insurance companies, therefore, form a major element in health care economics since they play the role of offering guarantee to the prices charged by medical practitioners. This however poses a prob lem in that the medical professionals operates aiming at attaining a certain amount of compensation while all that the insurance companies need is to make profit and as long as they are profitable, then they are contented. The need to provide quality healthcare is not their duty. This is the reason why both medical expenses and insurance premiums keep escalating while the quality of healthcare decreases leaving no space for the genuine delivery of services (Mankiw, 2009, p. 1). This can actually be solved by getting rid of the insurance companies leaving the medical profession to deal with the customers directly. Otherwise, the government can seriously regulate all the factors that affect health care and ensure consumers of healthcare services are not exploited. This is achievement by making the necessary legislation for proper control of health provision. Change of behavior is also an exemplary intervention in the health sector and the key to good health. It can be achieved by form ally or informally educating people on healthy ways of living or by practicing simple personal behavior such as: washing hands, seeking treatment in time, managing tuberculosis by carefully observing treatment, avoiding HIV infection. The main idea of behavior change and communication is to provide the public with the necessary information that will enable the people to access good quality health services with little regulations. It also aims at providing people with information on the necessary issues, such as treatment guidelines on regular diseases, proper use of over-the-counter drugs (Cardoso, 2008, p. 9). As highlighted in the above discussion, appropriate legislation is necessary in order to stabilize the demand of healthcare services. This will also ensure that consumers of health care services are provided with high quality services. It is also necessary to powerfully advocate for cooperation between governments and international organizations and financial institutions. Th is will ensure that all stakeholders in provision of healthcare services are involved in policy formulation and implementation.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human rights approaches have lately been emphasized in the health sector to help increase the demand of health care services. These fundamental rights give citizens certain rights such as freedom from discrimination based on the sex of an individual, torture, slavery, etc. These rights are a precondition to a healthy living; they protect citizens from manipulation. The health rights which are provided by constitutional laws gives an individual the right to claim any form of treatment or health care at any particular time. These rights have thus advocated for better services and, consequently, more healthcare services are demanded (Cardoso, 2008, p. 7). Reference List Cardoso, C. (2008). Health Economics or Health Care Ec onomics. Web. Mankiw, G. (2009). Supply, Demand, and Healthcare Reform. Retrieved from http://gregmankiw.blogspot.com/2009/11/supply-demand-and-healthcare-reform.html This essay on Demand in Health Care Economics was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Bell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Direct and Indirect Compensation Essays

Direct and Indirect Compensation Essays Direct and Indirect Compensation Paper Direct and Indirect Compensation Paper Question: â€Å"If employee undervalue the cost of benefit, why should a company not drop benefit and simply add more direct compensation† Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain using relevant organizational examples. CONTENTS 1. Introduction3 2. Findings and Analysis 2. 1 What is employee benefit? 4 2. 2 What is compensation? - Critical analysis of compensation components and its function in an organization? 6 2. 3 Total Reward Management8 2. Critical analysis of motivation. 10 3. Conclusion12 References. 14 Bibliographies15 1. Introduction There is a common phenomenon in the workforce-employee underestimates his or her cost of benefit, for some employers they will still retain the benefits and easily supplement more direct compensation to the unsatisfied employees in order to attract them. Actually, benefits are forms of value, other than payment, that are provided to the employee in return for their contribution to the organization, th at is, for doing their jobs. Employee benefits typically refers to insurance, (Example 1)such as retirement insurance, health life insurance, disability insurance, vacation, employee stock ownership plans, etc . The reason why employees are unhappy of their cost of benefit is associated with company’s total reward management. Firstly, it will probably relate with employee’s misunderstanding or lack of communication of benefit value. (Example 2) Too many employees today dont really understand their benefits packages, says Marianne Adams, assistant vice president of enrollment services at Colonial Life Accident Insurance Company. Example 3) â€Å"With more costs and decision-making being shifted to employees, benefits communication and education is more important than ever,† says Randy Horn, president CEO of Colonial Life. Secondly, benefit undervaluation is also likely related to the thorough understanding and flexible application of compensation program. Generally, compensation categorized into direct and indirect, both of them have different function and motivation effect. Direct compensation is a remuneration provided to employees in exchange for their labor and services for the company. These include base pay, variable pay, performance-related payments and any retroactive pay, and employees can use it for the purchase of goods and services at their will. To the opposite of direct compensation is indirect compensation, it means the employee is the beneficiary, but does not receive directly. (Example 4) contributions to retirement pension, medical insurance, training and education opportunities, and child care voucher and other forms of indirect benefit. Furthermore, it is likely what we think is a valuable benefit will not just satisfy other employee. This has something to do with employee motivation, we can take Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for reference, which means every human being has different motivation requirement from their work, for some employees, the basic needs, such as food, house, safety, for some others maybe higher to self-esteem or self-actualization. Thus, employer should establish reasonable and flexible total reward management policy under thorough understanding of compensation program along successful application of motivation strategy. Just like an old Chinese saying goes, know the enemy, know yourself, you will never know defeat. In this case, we can say know total reward management, know employee’s motivation requirement, you will never know benefit undervaluation. 2. Findings and Analysis 2. 1 What is employee benefit? Benefit 5) benefits are insurance (medical, life, dental, disability, unemployment and workers compensation), vacation pay, holiday pay, and maternity leave, pension pay, profit sharing, stock options, and bonuses and so on. Furthermore, there is another interpretation of benefits that is tangible or intangible. The benefits listed above are tangible benefits. Intangible benefits are less direct, (Example 6) appreciation from a boss, opportunity for promotion, nice working environment, etc. According to Gary Dessler’s benefit classification, he classifies them into 4 categories, which are: (1) pay for time not worked, (2) insurance benefits, (3) retirement benefit, (4) services. (Dessler, 2011) 2. 1. 1 Pay for time not worked The definition of pay for time not worked is the time not worked by an employee, which included to the paying working time field. Normally, companies give a certain period of time to employee to deal with non-work related affairs. Pay for time not worked generally including holiday, vacations, jury duty, funeral leave, military duty, personal days, sick leave, sabbatical leave, maternity leave, and unemployment insurance payments for laid 10) National Insurance in UK is mandatory, which shared by employee and employer together. Some other companies in order to improve their benefit attraction will add additional insurance categories, such as disable insurance. (Example 11) IBM U. S. provides U. S employees with 100 percent coverage for primary health care beginning in 2010, employees who worked in IBM will obtain full coverage of the whole year primary health care insurance. It is the first company that provides 100 percent primary care to its employees in U. S. (www. bm. com) 2. 1. 3 Retirement Benefit In US, the retirement benefit mainly including federal social security and employer pension/retirement plans (Dessler, 2011). In UK, the retirement benefits generally manifested in National Insurance which was firstly a beneficial system of insurance against disease and unemployment, and gradually cover retirement benefit. The contributions of National Insurance paid according to how much you earn and whether youre employed or self-employed. Its contribution is borne by employees and employer together. Furthermore, you stop paying National Insurance contributions when you meet State Pension age which is 65 in U. K. Besides the standard operational requirement, many companies conduct flexible retirement policies. (Example 12) O2 Company allows its employee put their pension benefits into payment without leaving the company. (www. o2. co. uk). (Example 13) Barclay, which is famous for its excellent benefit, in a position to allow their employees use fund to buy company annuity pension and then put it as a tax-free lump sum. (www. group. barclays. com/Home) 4. Services In order to recruit and retain talented employee along with consideration of different employee’s specific situations, (Example 14) some of the employees are single 15) Sainsbury choose childcare vouchers as their benefit package, vouchers are non-taxable and exempt from National Insurance contributions and therefore represent a saving for colleagues who receive them as part of their total reward package. (www. sainsburys. co. uk) (Example 16)Employees prefer choice in their benefit plans. In one survey of working couples, 83% took advantage of flexible hours (when available); 69% took advantage of the flexible style benefits; and 75% said that prefer flexible benefit plans. (Dessler, 2011) 2. 2 What is compensation? Critical analysis of compensation components and its function in an organization. 2. 2. 1 What is compensation? Practically, the manager get used to define compensation in a simply financial perspective, (Example 17) they think compensation is just about wages, salaries, vacation pay, and various insurance and other kinds of indirect benefits. On another hand, employee think compensation in a more narrowly way, they hold the point that compensation is just about salary along with insurance given by the company for exchange of their work for the company. However, in order to understand compensation completely and deeply for the sake of both employer to satisfy their employee at a larger extent and to motivate employee to keep loyalty and profitable for the company, we should comprehend compensation in its broadest sense. Compensation is defined as the total reward package offered by an organization to its employees. It encompasses all of the rewards or payments-tangible and intangible, monetary and nonmonetary, physical and psychologicalthat an organization provides its employees in exchange for the work they perform. Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten,G. D. 2001, p1) In my opinion, compensation is a form of deal between employer and employee. Employee work for the company, and then the company gives them they deserved and wanted compensation. Whether it is a good deal or not depends on their mutual satisfaction. However, in general, the main purpose of compensation is to attract, retain, motivate and satisfy employees as long as possible f or the normal and efficient operation of an organization 2. 2. 2 Critical analysis of compensation components and its function in an organization? Normally, compensation is consisting of direct and indirect compensation. Elements of a total compensation program include both direct and indirect compensation. Direct compensation refers to salaries, bonuses, and other forms of incentive payments. Indirect compensation refers to employee benefits and perquisites, items that an employee typically receives in forms other than cash payments. ( Fallon,L. F. and Zgodzinski,E. J. 2005) Compensation is commonly divided into direct and indirect pay. Direct pay includes the following types of pay: salary (exempt employees), hourly rate (nonexempt employees), bonuses, incentives, and stock options in some cases. Indirect pay includes the following: vacation time, holiday time, sick time, benefits, and discounts. (Rodenhauser,P 2000) However, besides direct and indirect compensation, Caruth and Handlogten enriched compensation scope with psychological satisfaction. Any organizations total compensation or reward package is comprised of three major components: direct monetary rewards, indirect monetary payments and psychological satisfaction. In designing an effective compensation package, all three elements must be carefully considered. (Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001, p2). Direct monetary rewards are the most obvious compensation component. Sometimes referred to as cash compensation, these rewards encompass all those items involving the payment of dollars to employees for work accomplished or effect expanded(e. g. wage, a salary, a commission). Whether paid by the hour, by the month, or by another method, direct compensation is discretionary income to the employee. He or she is able to spend it in whatever way desired for the purchase of goods and services. (Caruth, N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001, p2). Indirect monetary payments include those items of financial value the organization provide to employees that do not result directly in employees receiving spendable dollars. This compensation component is usually referred to as benefits. Including in this category are various forms of protection (health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance) and services (financial counseling, employer subsidized cafeterias, uniforms, free parking). Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001,p3). Psychological Satisfactions consists of the psychological satisfactions sometimes called psychic incomewhich a worker derives from the work he or she performs and the environment in which it is performed. This form of compensation includes opportunities to perform meaningful work, social interactions with others in the workplace, job training, advancement possi bilities, recognition, and a host of similar factors. Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001). In my opinion, Caruth and Handlogten’s three compensation components are more acceptable and with better practice guarding value compared with Fallon et al. and Rodenhauser’s summarization of compensation. Since the latter two authors’ understanding about compensation are mainly focus on general reward management which less of unique competitive advantage compared with other companies which provide more psychological satisfaction. Because psychological satisfaction is related with a broader concept, such as company’s management model, company culture and individual’s life value, harmonious interpersonal relationship and so on. (Example 18) If a talented chip engineer wants his innovation protected and applied properly, he will choose to work for Intel rather than HP, although maybe HP provides better direct and indirect compensation, because Intel is famous for RD, vertical management which will give his innovation a very good research and patent protection environment. Example 19) In1983, Apple CEO Jobs invited Pepsi former CEO John Sculley to join with him together as combined CEO of Apple, Jobs just said a word to Sculley : â€Å"Whether you want to sell soda water all your life or instead to change the world? †. Last, Sculley moved by Jobs’s personal magnetism charisma and joined Apple which has fiercer market competition. 2. 3 Total Reward Management 2. 3. 1 Definition of total reward management The terminology ‘reward management’ was first introduced by Armstrong and Murlis in 1988 with the aim to meet the flexible, diverse and innovative reward management for a better employee performance. The activity ‘reward management’, has been described as encompassing not only the development, maintenance, communication, and evaluation of reward processes, but also concerned with the development of appropriate organizational cultures, underpinning core values and increasing the commitment and motivation of employees(Armstrong and Murlis,1998 quoted in Beardwell Claydon. 010. p502) In my opinion, total reward management firstly it is holistic and comprehensive, as for the means of reward, it is almost including all the categories of reward, such as direct as well as indirect, psychological satisfaction, tangible and intangible, intrinsic along with extrinsic from which employee can obtain satisfaction through their work. Secondly, company environment, such as the company pursuit, fundamental value orientation, humanistic concern are also an influential factor for employee’s career consideration. Only by successful application of the above rewards categories, organization can maximize its business performance and leads to sustained competitive advantage. However, every above step needs employer’s sound mastering of reward function, strategic pay, efficient communication rate and correct motivation choice. 2. 3. 2 The Tovers Perrin Model of Total Reward In order for us to choose correct reward program in a diverse situation, we should firstly familiar with the possible classification of total reward. Please refer to the next figure 1 of Tovers Perrin total reward model; Transactional (tangible) | | Pay | Benefits | |Base Pay | | |Contingent pay |Pensions | |Cash bonuses |Holidays | |Long 20) base pay, variable pay, long term incentives, and so on is belonging to this category. The below relational, also is intangible refers to indirect or psychological satisfaction of employee. (Example 21) Such as job autonomy, career opportunities, involvement and employee voice an d so on. The transactional rewards are basic components of total reward; most of the companies will conduct various transactional rewards to recruit, keep and motivate their employee. In the contrary, the relational rewards has plenty significance, except its specific function of motivating employee, it also plays as an intensive role for the above transactional rewards. If we say the transactional rewards satisfied with employee’s material requirement, then we can say the relational rewards meets their spiritual demand. Thus, a successful total reward management should be combine both transactional and relational rewards. 2. 4 Critical analysis of motivation After understanding of what employer should know, next we should also clear of what the employee wants? This is involving with what motivates employee most? The most useful motivation model is provided by a psychologist, Professor Abraham Maslow, which is known as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. In this model, human needs for survival are primary; the need for safety is secondary. Following in sequence are needs related to love and belonging, the need for esteem, and the need for self 23) Many successful billionaires’ first priorities are not always self-actualization, on the contrary, they will pay much attention on their safety in case of murder or kidnapping arise from their huge wealth. (Example 24) A newly graduated ambitious student will probably choose a low salary and low self-esteem work which is of great help of their self-actualization in the future, for instance, during those years, certain Chinese university graduate choose to work beginning as a manual labor, such as planting vegetable or butcher. They aim to grow better and more nutritious vegetable using their knowledge learnt in school and by advanced management to operate a famous butcher chain in China. Thus, we cannot explain the above cases use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, because they are actually not abide by one low needs satisfied than move to another higher need. However, Clayton Alderfer covered the shortage of Malslow s theory with his ERG theory. Alderfer think Malsows hierarchy have some overlap in middle levels, so he reduced Malsows five levels of need into three which are Existence: Physiological and safety needs Relatedness: Social and external esteem needs Growth: Self-actualization and internal esteem needs. As ERG is based on Malsows Hierarchy, so it has similarity, that is also in hierarchicalexistence is the first consideration, then moves to relatedness needs, the last and also highest is growth. Their difference is ERG allows people to pursue the different levels at the same time. (Example 25)We doing our job, except obtaining the payment for the basic existence need, we still desire to achieve social and external esteem as well. Another difference is ERG allows the different needs for different people, which means taking consideration of every one’s specific condition. Just like the above cases show, billionaire may probably choose existence; a poor student will be interested in growth firstly. Last difference is when an employee failed to obtain a higher level of need, then they will probably regress to a lower level, which he or she can reach at present, this is known as â€Å"frustration 26) If an employee cannot reach growth need, then they will move to relatedness instead, so in such situation, employer should try to provide relatedness needs to motivate employee until the growth change come. Thus, under ERG theory, managers should know that every employee has different motivation requirement or several needs at the same time, thus we should apply the motivation step flexibly and distinctively. 3. Conclusion Last, let’s come back to our question. After understanding the compensation program and total reward management as well as motivation theories, I do agree that employer still keep benefit, as benefit is a crucial part of total compensation. It is a dispensable value of employee’s payment from their service for the company. (Example 27), such as national insurance, compensation, retirement benefit is an important element of a family’s financial condition and also beneficial for social stability. Furthermore, if other competitor companies provide better benefit, it will definitely reduce our company’s advantage to attract experienced employees thus affect the company’s performance and sustainable development in the long term. However, I disagree that the employer simply adds more direct compensation. Just as this thesis mentioned above, when we establish or adjust reward management policy, we should take the following factors into consideration. Firstly, clearly define direct and indirect compensation package, let employee understand what benefit that they can get from them. Secondly, establish total reward management according to the employee’s specific situation, such as the application of cafeteria benefits plan, (Example 28) a child-care voucher will be unappealing for a single young employee but is a competitive benefit for a single parent. (Example 29) A VIP club membership discount card would be meaningless for a just graduated poor student compared with a valuable training or a good employer to guide him. (Example 30) An employee with two elderly and weak parents at home will be more motivated by elder care or flexible work schedule arrangements rather than increased mileage allowance. Thus, we can conclude that a successful and effective reward management should be based on a thorough understanding of employee’s motivation incentive and choose and establish the appropriate combination of transactional and relational rewards program, and then our reward management will not be undervalued by employees. References: Books: 1. Armstrong, M. (2009) Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resouce Management Practice (11th ed). London, Kogan Page. Pp 742-743. 2. Baron, A. and Armstrong, M. (2007) Human Capital Management Achieving Added Value through People. London, Kogan Page Limited, pp. 114-116 p. 192. 3. Beardwell, J. and Claydon,T (2010) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach(6th ed). England, Prentice Hall, p501. 4. Bogardus, A. M. 2009) PHR/SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide (3rd ed). Indianapolis,Wiley Publishing, p275. 5. Caruth, N. L. and Handlogten,G. D. (2001) Managing Compensation (and Understanding It Too): A hand b ook for the perplexed. American, Greenwood Publishing Group, pp1-3 6. Dessler,G. (2011) Human Resource Management (12th ed) New Jersey, Pearson Education, pp490-518. 7. Fallon,L. F. and Zgodzinski,E. J. (2005) Essentials of Public Health Management (2nd ed) London, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, p 184. 8. Harzing, A-W and Ruysseveldt, J. V (2006) International Human Resource Management (2nd ed) London, SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 306 -325. . Milliken,M. E. and Honeycuttt,A. (2004)Understanding Human Behavior: A guide for health care providers (7th ed). USA,Thomson Delmar Learning, p73 10. Nieto,M. L. (2006) An Introduction to Human Resource ManagementAn Integrated Approach. New York, Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 183-186 pp. 194-195. 11. Rodenhauser, P (2000) Mental Health Care Administration: a Guide for Practitioners. (4th ed) Michigan, University of Michigan, p 218. Bibliographies: Internet: 1, Barclay employee benefit http://group. barclays. com/Careers/Personal-development/Rewards-and -benefits [Accessed on April 16] 2. Befenit Management bmshealth. com/company. sp [Accessed on April 8] 3. Colonial life (Spring 2009) coloniallife. com/en/Newsroom/~/media/acrobat/newsroom/white%20papers/NS-10681_white_paper. ashx [Accessed on April 12] 4. Contingent pay jrank. org/business/pages/280/contingent-pay. html April 19 [Accessed on April 19] 5. Critical analysis http://library. bcu. ac. uk/learner/Study%20Skills%20Guides/4%20Critical%20analysis. htm [Accessed on April 20] 6. Difference between direct and indirect compensation [Accessed on March 5th] 7. Direct compensation http://payroll. naukrihub. com/compensation/direct-compensation. html [Accessed on March5th] 8. ERG netmba. om/mgmt/ob/motivation/erg/ [Accessed on April 21] 9. Harward style of refering library. dmu. ac. uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard. pdf [Accessed on April 9] 10. Harward style of referring (September 2008) http://libraryonline. leedsmet. ac. uk/lco/publications/pdf/subj/is-9. pdf [Accessed on April 9] 11. Herzberg http://changingminds. org/explanations/needs/herzberg_needs. htm [Accessed on April 19] 12. IBM insurance http://www-03. ibm. com/press/us/en/pressrelease/28728. wss#release [Accessed on April 16] 13. Jobs and soda water garden-cn. com/bbs/ShowPost. asp? ThreadID=70 [Assessed on April 20] 14. Nicholson. J. Direct compensation ehow. om/facts_5863432_included-direct-compensation_. html [Accessed on March 5th] 15. Retirement age of U. K (January 13, 2011) bbc. co. uk/news/business-12177927 [Accessed on April 16] 16. Sainsburys employee insurance http://www2. sainsburys. co. uk/aboutus/recruitment/Store+Roles+overview/Reward+and+Benefits/Reward+and+Benefits. htm? WT. svl=2WT. seg_1=nav_secondary [Accessed on April 16] 17. What is an introduction of an essay customessays. co. uk/blog/essay/essay-introduction/ [Accessed on April 9] 18. Woodward-Kron, R. et el. (2000) Introduction to en essay http://unilearning. uow. edu. au/essay/4bii. html [Accessed on April 9]

Role of community nurse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of community nurse - Assignment Example This paper will discuss the roles of community nurses. Communities have unique health needs and require nurses who can disseminate relevant health information to different target groups in the community. Community nurses have been playing this role by interacting with different target populations in a community and providing them with relevant information and knowledge concerning different health issues, through the interactions with community members, community nurses assess and evaluate the health needs of the community members. Therefore, they are in a better position to offer the relevant advice and design intervention strategies in an effort to promote the health of the community. Community nurses engage in an active process of assessing health risks in a community and designing empowerment programs that can help communities address the health risks. Community nurses ensure that all the community members receive the healthcare they deserve in conformity to their needs (Hitchcock, Schubert, & Thomas, 2003). Most importantly, communi ty nurses have the opportunity to offer holistic care to the community because they interact with different individuals within their homes. Some specific activities carried out by the community nurses include the provision of support for patients with different conditions at home. Community nurses help patients take care of themselves and empower their carers as well. They help patients with practical guidelines on diet, lifestyle, and different types of medication. They help patients manage terminal illnesses without the admission into a hospital. Many people with terminal illnesses require emotional support and constant healthcare, especially in the last days of their lives. Community nurses help such patients by providing the reassurance they need to face each day. In other cases, community nurses

Position Paper on Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Position Paper on Global Warming - Essay Example However, all of such luxuries have been provided at a cost which is will be paid by the current and the next generations. Global warming is considered to be one of such costs. Global warming is an end product of the major boost in industrialization and deforestation in the past and current century which is causing alarming changes in the environment and temperature levels of the planet. 2. Causes of the Problem United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change explained that the rising of the burning of fossil fuel in vehicles, factories etc causes an alarming increment in the emissions of greenhouse gases that prove to be harmful for the environment (8). The green house gases are an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O). The accumulation of these gasses in the environment tends to trap the sun rays in the Earth’s atmosphere, rather than facilitating them to radiate back to the space. The retention of the heat rays from the sum tend s to cause an increment in the temperature of the planet and results in greenhouse effect. This is known as global warming. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change quoted figures that highlight the level of increment in the CO2 emissions in the past years; the boost in industrializations in the past 25 years caused an increment of emissions from 278 parts per million to an alarming high level of 379 parts per million in 2005 (8). Gore has done tremendous work with the aim of bringing about awareness regarding the crisis of global warming. He considered the production of power from fossil fuel burning as the biggest threat to global warming in the prevailing times and promotes immediate rectification of the source (4). Figure 1: Presence of CO2 in the environment over the years (Hoeven, 8) The above figure shows the increasing levels of CO2 in the environment for the past 40 years. It can also be noticed that the pace of increment has fastened since the beginning of the present century. Gore considered deforestation as the second major source of emissions of CO2 in the environment (187). The increasing trend of industrialization and urbanization has caused an increase in deforestation activities which leads to producing greater electricity and heat. Deforestation has dual effects on the environment. Firstly, upon cutting the trees the CO2 present in the trees is led out into the atmosphere. Secondly, trees are naturally equipped to absorb the CO2 from their surroundings; this natural cycle is disturbed when the trees are no longer present to absorb CO2. Toepfer explained another reason of the emergence of global warming; the depletion of ozone layer (2). Ozone layer serves as a shield (of molecules) from the intense heat rays from the sun. Toepfer stated after years of usage of manmade chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been concluded by scientists that these emissions cause the depletion of the ozone layer (2). CFCs are utilized in air conditioners, refrigerators, spray cans etc. The depletion of the ozone layer disturbs the natural process of protecting the planet from intense heat rays and results in increasing the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. 3. Effects of Global Warming The following figure shows the projected increasing temperature in the atmosphere of the planet that is predicted to bear even more disastrous effects in the future: Figure 2: Projected increase in

Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Convergence and Implication

Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Convergence and Implication Reza Tadayoni*, Knud Erik Skouby Center for Tele-Information, Technical University of Denmark, Building 371, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Abstract This paper is a contribution to the development of analyses of the process of converging media and to the  clarification of the regulatory implications of this process. It is generally agreed that the process of  convergence between telecommunications, IT and broadcasting through its technological, organisational,  and market/service aspects has far-reaching inßuence on the sectors involved and on future socio-economic  settings. The paper explores the preparation for introduction of terrestrial digital television in Denmark as an  aspect in the general process of convergence. The explorative analysis establishes an understanding of the  technological issues and drivers in the development, which in interaction shape a digital distribution  structure that is a concrete part of convergence. Based on this understanding, a model à  the OSA-model à  is  suggested for the techno-economic structure of distribution of terrestrial digital TV. The model is used to  dis cuss market prospects and regulatory implications, as these are derived from the interplay of traditional  areas of regulation in the three sectors and areas emerging as candidates for regulatory activity based on their  functionality. The discussion of the process of introduction of terrestrial digital TV in Denmark thus provides  a general analysis of convergence and its regulatory implications. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights  reserved. Keywords: Terrestrial digital broadcasting; Convergence; DAB; DVB 1. Introduction During the past few decades the communication landscape has been subject to radical changes. Traditionally, communication has been divided in three sectors à  telecommunication, broadcasting  and information technology (IT) à  which cover di ¤erent communication applications. The sectoral  0308-5961/99/$ à  see front matter ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 8 5 9 6 1 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 8 6 X 1 This work is a result of participating in two Danish research projects: Service development, Internationalisation and Competences (SIC) project. Distributed Multi Media (DMM) project. 2DAB and DVB is used for digital audio broadcasting and digital video broadcasting, respectively, without reference  to the speciÞc European technologies/protocols-agreements using DAB and DVB as brand names.   Division has been based not only on di ¤erent technologies being used in the di ¤erent sectors but it  has also evolved in close interplay between political-regulatory interventions, economic considerations  and technological characteristics. Understanding the di ¤erent aspects of regulation in the information age requires a solid  understanding of the development in the communication landscape as well as of the ongoing  process of convergence between the traditionally separate forms of communication and of the  Ãƒâ€information fusionÕ. Technological speciÞcity has not been determining for sectoral division and is  not determining for the convergence process but it has been a vital factor in this process. Technological innovations like digitalisation, audio and video coding technologies, computerisation  and broadband infrastructures à  such as cable and satellite networks à  make service  provision across the sectoral boundaries possible. This also imposes new political and regulatory  challenges and makes re-thinking and re-designs of the existing regulatory framework for communication  a necessity. This paper1 discusses digital broadcasting as an instance in the convergence process where this is  seen as a process with technological, economic/structural and regulatory aspects. Within digital  broadcasting a focused area namely the terrestrial digital broadcasting in Denmark will be studied  in details. Broadcasting is quickly moving into the era of digitalisation as digital audio broadcasting  (DAB)2 and digital video broadcasting (DVB) to replace traditional analogue broadcasting  technologies. Full digitalisation of the whole production chain, from recording and editing over  transmission media to receivers in the end usersÕ homes, will be a reality in 10 to 15 years. This is  a challenging and extensive change that will face broadcasters, politicians and regulators in the  coming years. The main political and economic focus is generally on DVB and the transition has  already started in some European countries, most notably the UK and Sweden. For users, DAB/DVB will o ¤er many advantages over analogue broadcasting, such as better  technical quality, more programs and services on a given set of frequencies, and the option of  multimedia and interactive services. This development is an expression of converging media:  DAB/DVB will integrate elements from several di ¤erent media, computers, telecommunications  and broadcasting. The shift to digital broadcasting is not simple, however, as it introduces a range  of interrelated political, economic and technical challenges. Some of these challenges are speciÞc to  the mode of distribution à  satellite, cable or terrestrial with the latter having special problems and  potentials. As the basic technologies are now ready, solutions to two sets of regulatory issues are pertinent  for the development and di ¤usion of terrestrial DVB. One set of issues is related to the concept of  Public Service Broadcasters. In almost all countries, cultural policy considerations have given  rise to privileges and obligations for a few broadcasters.

What is inflammation?

This is term that is used to describe a reaction of localized tissues that is irritated, or can be cause because of an injury, infection, redness and swelling. There are several types of disease that cause severe inflammation, one disease that is very bad is Encephalitis this is an inflammation of the brain. This particular condition can happen to anyone at any age, all over the world. If encephalitis develops very rapidly, it can cause serious problems to the nervous system and the brain. If the body produces antibodies to fight the inflammation there’s a chance that they could make a mistake and attack the healthy brain tissue instead of the tissue that is inflamed. If this is not cured it could end up being life threatening. This is just one of many infections that cause by inflammation. How body reacts to inflammation are is by detecting where the exact location the inflammation is. When the body knows where it is it can send out anti bodies to eat the infection that is causing the inflammation. The symptoms of inflammation are it can be red and warm because of a large amount of blood reaching the swollen area. It can be very painful at time especially at the site of infection. There are many way to relief the pain, redness, and swelling is to put ice on it, also some inflammatory ointment can also be used to help reduce the sign of inflammation. Normally the inflammation only last till the infection has been totally healed after that there should no long be any inflammation. Sometimes during the process of the cells healing itself the cells can die of lack of nutrients known necrotic death, another way that the cells can die is from committing suicide by destroying themselves, this is known as Apoptotic death. When our body finds that there is an inflammation our body quickly reposed and kills the intruder. Then once the infection has been killed then the inflammation should go away. There are so many various things that can cause an inflammation in our body.

Economic Development and Industrialization Essay

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines. Characteristics of industrialization include the use of technological innovation to solve problems as opposed to superstition or dependency upon conditions outside human control such as the weather, as well as more efficient division of labor and economic growth. Industrialization is most commonly associated with the European Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The onset of the second World War also led to a great deal of industrialization which resulted in the growth and development of large urban centers and as well as suburbs. Industrialization is an outgrowth of capitalism. Before India was introduced to the industrialization or the industrial revolution, india was largely an agricultural country. Before the british invasion India became famous for her handicrafts and textiles too. During the Mughal Period, India had a considerable variety of arts and handicrafts and the products commanded wide range of foreign markets. At that time no other country produced products that could be imported to India in exchange for cotton and silk goods which were in world-wide demand. Europe had to pay in billions for the increasing volume of Indian exports. India was also famous for jewelry of exquisite quality made out of gold, silver, copper, brass and bell-metal.Many urban centers were famous for carving work in ivory, wood, stone and marble. In bigger towns each handicraft was organized into a guild which safeguarded the professional interest of its members. The emergence of modern industrial enterprises can be traced back to the end of the 18th century. The new industrial activity took two forms, plantations and factory industries. Real and satisfactory progress in the factory industries began only after 1875. During the next two decades, two textile units – cotton and jute- flourished. Initially, India’s domestic economy depended mostly on the agriculture. Globally, its textile and jewelry industry were very famous, but since all the industries were fully controlled by man, the speed of the produce could not match the growing demands of foreign merchants. Then began the industrial revolution in india, which was introduced by the british. The use of machines in the industries brought about great progress and economical growth to the country. One of the main reasons why India is a member of the BRICS nations[->0] and is tipped to be the next global superpower is its rapid pace of industrialization. India’s industrial growth was recorded in 2010 at 16.8%, highest in 20 years. Thus it has a major contribution to India’s economic growth rate in 2010-2011 which is measured at about an impressive 8.6%. The rate of investment in India has been found to have exceeded 36% of the country’s GDP and this has happened because India is making progress in the industrial sector by leaps and bounds. On the technology front, the biggest advancements were in steam power. New fuels such as coal and petroleum, were incorporated into new steam engines. This revolutionized many industries including textiles and manufacturing. Also, a new communication medium was invented called the telegraph. This made communicating across the ocean much faster. But, along with this great leap in technology, there was an overall downfall in the socioeconomic and cultural situation of the people. Growth of cities were one of the major consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Many people, who initially practiced agriculture, were imposed on with heavy taxes and unable to pay taxes to the british officers were forced to move to the cities. With the new industrial age, a new qauntitative and materialistic view of the world took place. This caused the need for people to consume as much as they could. This still happens today. The negative impact of industrial revolution on india is due to two major facto rs. ââ€" ªIndia’s large population and Introduction of alternative machinery which were more efficient than man– These two factors are closely interrelated:- ââ€" ª the introduction of finer machinery improved the production of goods and reduced the number of employees. Since a large number of indians who were once practicing agriculture were led to the factories, a major population was now going with the swing of the industrial revolution, i.e.. working in the factories.the introduction of finer machinery improved the production of goods and reduced the number of employees and adversely affected the middle class and lower sections of the society. One machine could perform what ten men could and eventually machine replaced man. Lots and lots of people were jobless. Indians suffer from the industrial revolution even today as a major portion of the indian population is unemployed. Industrialization plays a significant role in the process of economic development. The examples of developed countries indicate that there is a direct relationship between high level of income and industrial development. Industrialization has its own merits as well demerits. The merits are –job creation, development in science and technology,better infrastructure, better healthcare, more amenities and comfort to the masses, more affluence, better educational levels of the masses, good help to agricultural sector in terms of farm equipments, tractors, irrigation tools,pesticides, fertilizers so the country can achieve self sufficiency in food grains. The less developed countries are generally primary producers and import industrial output. With industrialization of their own economy they need not import industrial product from outside and this helps in reducing the trade gap. The question that now arises is â€Å"Is india a developed country?† The answer lies within, whether india is a primary producer or has a industrial economy. In fact, India has a balance of both kinds of economy because agriculture forms a major part of india’s occupation, which is primary produce but, of late, many industries are spreading from cities to villages like wildfire hence, increasing the industrial economy. India is actually developing at a very fast rate in the industrial sector, and at this rate of progress, India is estimated to be a developed superpower. Looking at India’s GDP, India is already a well developed nation, but the lack of well-maintained infrastructure and unorganized roads has prevented it from being titled as a ‘developed nation’. Industrialization also helps in satisfying a variety of demands of the consumer’s. With modernization of the economy the demand for industrial product has increased considerably. Industrialization brings a change in the socio-cultural environment of the economy. It makes people dynamic, hard-working, mobile, skillful, efficient, and punctual. It brings a change in the way-of life of the people and makes people more commercial. It also provides security to the economy by making it self-dependent. India has seen a rapid rise in industrialization in the past few decades, due its expansion in markets such as pharmaceuticals, bio-engineering, nuclear technology, informatics and technology-oriented higher education. These latest trends have made India more globally-minded as their desire to trade with the world increases. It is said that India has deliberately targeted markets they know they can make instant in-roads into. Industries such as pharmaceuticals and bio-engineering have been seen as ideal in increasing the national income using the country’s new-found expertise. Also, India now exports a whole variety of products and knowledge, including petroleum products, textile goods, jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather merchandise. There are a lot of comparisons drawn between India’s industrialization model and that of China. Both countries have realized the importance of the export market and how to capitalize on their huge workforces – allowing them to become leading powers in the global market on several fronts. Western countries look favorably to countries such as India and China due to their low production costs in comparison to European and US prices; again a favorable characteristic allowing the countries to build their economies. The industrialization of India looks set to continue for some time and the result could well be that India becomes a major player in many global markets in the future. Industrialization plays a vital role in the economic development of an underdeveloped country. The historical facts reveal that all the developed countries of the world broke the vicious circle of underdevelopment by industrialization. 1. Raising Income: The first important role is that industrial development provide a secure basis for a rapid growth of income. 2. Changing the Structure of the Economy: In order to develop the economy underdeveloped countries need structural change through industrialization. History shows that in the process of becoming developed economy the share of the industrial sector should rise and that of the agricultural sector decline. This is only possible through deliberate industrialization. As a result, the benefits of industrialization will ‘trickle down’ to the other sectors of the economy in the form of the development of agricultural and service sectors leading to the rise in employment, output and income. 3. Meeting High-Income Demands: Beyond certain limits, the demands of the people are usually for industrial products alone. After having met the needs of food, income of the people are spent mostly on manufactured goods. This means the income-elasticity of demand for the manufactured goods is high and that of agricultural products is low. To meet these demands and increase the economy’s output underdeveloped countries need industrialization. 4. Overcoming Deterioration in the Terms of Trade: Underdeveloped countries like India need industrialization to free themselves from the adverse effects of fluctuations in the prices of primary products and deterioration in their terms of trade. Such countries mainly export primary products and import manufactured goods. The prices of primary products have been falling or are stable whereas the prices of manufactured products have been rising. This led to deterioration in the terms of trade of the LDCs. For economic development such countries must shake off their dependence on primary products. They should adopt import substituting and export oriented industrialization. 6. Increased employment opportunities. Industrialization provides increased employment opportunities in small and large scale industries. In an agrarian economy, industry absorbs underemployed and unemployed workers of agricultural sector and thereby increases the income of the community. 5. Stimulates progress in other sectors.  Industrialization stimulates progress in other sectors of the economy. A developments of one industry leads to the development and expansion of other industries. For instance the construction of a transistor radio plant, develops the small battery industry (backward linkage). The construction of milk processing plants adds to its line of production ice cream. cone cream plants etc.. (forward linkage). 8. Rise in agricultural production. Industrialization provides machinery like tractors thrashers harvesters, bulldozers, transport, aerial spray etc, to be used in the farm sector. The increased use of modern inputs has increased the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in the income of the farmers has given boost to economic development in the country. 16. Increase in the Government revenue. Industrialization increase the supply of goods both for internal and external markets. The export of goods provides foreign exchange. The customs excise duties and other taxes levied on the production of goods increase the revenue of the State. The income tax received from the industrialists adds to the revenue stream of the Government which eventually is spent for the welfare of the people as a whole.