Direct and Indirect Compensation Essays

Direct and Indirect Compensation Essays Direct and Indirect Compensation Paper Direct and Indirect Compensation Paper Question: â€Å"If employee undervalue the cost of benefit, why should a company not drop benefit and simply add more direct compensation† Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain using relevant organizational examples. CONTENTS 1. Introduction3 2. Findings and Analysis 2. 1 What is employee benefit? 4 2. 2 What is compensation? - Critical analysis of compensation components and its function in an organization? 6 2. 3 Total Reward Management8 2. Critical analysis of motivation. 10 3. Conclusion12 References. 14 Bibliographies15 1. Introduction There is a common phenomenon in the workforce-employee underestimates his or her cost of benefit, for some employers they will still retain the benefits and easily supplement more direct compensation to the unsatisfied employees in order to attract them. Actually, benefits are forms of value, other than payment, that are provided to the employee in return for their contribution to the organization, th at is, for doing their jobs. Employee benefits typically refers to insurance, (Example 1)such as retirement insurance, health life insurance, disability insurance, vacation, employee stock ownership plans, etc . The reason why employees are unhappy of their cost of benefit is associated with company’s total reward management. Firstly, it will probably relate with employee’s misunderstanding or lack of communication of benefit value. (Example 2) Too many employees today dont really understand their benefits packages, says Marianne Adams, assistant vice president of enrollment services at Colonial Life Accident Insurance Company. Example 3) â€Å"With more costs and decision-making being shifted to employees, benefits communication and education is more important than ever,† says Randy Horn, president CEO of Colonial Life. Secondly, benefit undervaluation is also likely related to the thorough understanding and flexible application of compensation program. Generally, compensation categorized into direct and indirect, both of them have different function and motivation effect. Direct compensation is a remuneration provided to employees in exchange for their labor and services for the company. These include base pay, variable pay, performance-related payments and any retroactive pay, and employees can use it for the purchase of goods and services at their will. To the opposite of direct compensation is indirect compensation, it means the employee is the beneficiary, but does not receive directly. (Example 4) contributions to retirement pension, medical insurance, training and education opportunities, and child care voucher and other forms of indirect benefit. Furthermore, it is likely what we think is a valuable benefit will not just satisfy other employee. This has something to do with employee motivation, we can take Maslow’s hierarchy of needs for reference, which means every human being has different motivation requirement from their work, for some employees, the basic needs, such as food, house, safety, for some others maybe higher to self-esteem or self-actualization. Thus, employer should establish reasonable and flexible total reward management policy under thorough understanding of compensation program along successful application of motivation strategy. Just like an old Chinese saying goes, know the enemy, know yourself, you will never know defeat. In this case, we can say know total reward management, know employee’s motivation requirement, you will never know benefit undervaluation. 2. Findings and Analysis 2. 1 What is employee benefit? Benefit 5) benefits are insurance (medical, life, dental, disability, unemployment and workers compensation), vacation pay, holiday pay, and maternity leave, pension pay, profit sharing, stock options, and bonuses and so on. Furthermore, there is another interpretation of benefits that is tangible or intangible. The benefits listed above are tangible benefits. Intangible benefits are less direct, (Example 6) appreciation from a boss, opportunity for promotion, nice working environment, etc. According to Gary Dessler’s benefit classification, he classifies them into 4 categories, which are: (1) pay for time not worked, (2) insurance benefits, (3) retirement benefit, (4) services. (Dessler, 2011) 2. 1. 1 Pay for time not worked The definition of pay for time not worked is the time not worked by an employee, which included to the paying working time field. Normally, companies give a certain period of time to employee to deal with non-work related affairs. Pay for time not worked generally including holiday, vacations, jury duty, funeral leave, military duty, personal days, sick leave, sabbatical leave, maternity leave, and unemployment insurance payments for laid 10) National Insurance in UK is mandatory, which shared by employee and employer together. Some other companies in order to improve their benefit attraction will add additional insurance categories, such as disable insurance. (Example 11) IBM U. S. provides U. S employees with 100 percent coverage for primary health care beginning in 2010, employees who worked in IBM will obtain full coverage of the whole year primary health care insurance. It is the first company that provides 100 percent primary care to its employees in U. S. (www. bm. com) 2. 1. 3 Retirement Benefit In US, the retirement benefit mainly including federal social security and employer pension/retirement plans (Dessler, 2011). In UK, the retirement benefits generally manifested in National Insurance which was firstly a beneficial system of insurance against disease and unemployment, and gradually cover retirement benefit. The contributions of National Insurance paid according to how much you earn and whether youre employed or self-employed. Its contribution is borne by employees and employer together. Furthermore, you stop paying National Insurance contributions when you meet State Pension age which is 65 in U. K. Besides the standard operational requirement, many companies conduct flexible retirement policies. (Example 12) O2 Company allows its employee put their pension benefits into payment without leaving the company. (www. o2. co. uk). (Example 13) Barclay, which is famous for its excellent benefit, in a position to allow their employees use fund to buy company annuity pension and then put it as a tax-free lump sum. (www. group. barclays. com/Home) 4. Services In order to recruit and retain talented employee along with consideration of different employee’s specific situations, (Example 14) some of the employees are single 15) Sainsbury choose childcare vouchers as their benefit package, vouchers are non-taxable and exempt from National Insurance contributions and therefore represent a saving for colleagues who receive them as part of their total reward package. (www. sainsburys. co. uk) (Example 16)Employees prefer choice in their benefit plans. In one survey of working couples, 83% took advantage of flexible hours (when available); 69% took advantage of the flexible style benefits; and 75% said that prefer flexible benefit plans. (Dessler, 2011) 2. 2 What is compensation? Critical analysis of compensation components and its function in an organization. 2. 2. 1 What is compensation? Practically, the manager get used to define compensation in a simply financial perspective, (Example 17) they think compensation is just about wages, salaries, vacation pay, and various insurance and other kinds of indirect benefits. On another hand, employee think compensation in a more narrowly way, they hold the point that compensation is just about salary along with insurance given by the company for exchange of their work for the company. However, in order to understand compensation completely and deeply for the sake of both employer to satisfy their employee at a larger extent and to motivate employee to keep loyalty and profitable for the company, we should comprehend compensation in its broadest sense. Compensation is defined as the total reward package offered by an organization to its employees. It encompasses all of the rewards or payments-tangible and intangible, monetary and nonmonetary, physical and psychologicalthat an organization provides its employees in exchange for the work they perform. Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten,G. D. 2001, p1) In my opinion, compensation is a form of deal between employer and employee. Employee work for the company, and then the company gives them they deserved and wanted compensation. Whether it is a good deal or not depends on their mutual satisfaction. However, in general, the main purpose of compensation is to attract, retain, motivate and satisfy employees as long as possible f or the normal and efficient operation of an organization 2. 2. 2 Critical analysis of compensation components and its function in an organization? Normally, compensation is consisting of direct and indirect compensation. Elements of a total compensation program include both direct and indirect compensation. Direct compensation refers to salaries, bonuses, and other forms of incentive payments. Indirect compensation refers to employee benefits and perquisites, items that an employee typically receives in forms other than cash payments. ( Fallon,L. F. and Zgodzinski,E. J. 2005) Compensation is commonly divided into direct and indirect pay. Direct pay includes the following types of pay: salary (exempt employees), hourly rate (nonexempt employees), bonuses, incentives, and stock options in some cases. Indirect pay includes the following: vacation time, holiday time, sick time, benefits, and discounts. (Rodenhauser,P 2000) However, besides direct and indirect compensation, Caruth and Handlogten enriched compensation scope with psychological satisfaction. Any organizations total compensation or reward package is comprised of three major components: direct monetary rewards, indirect monetary payments and psychological satisfaction. In designing an effective compensation package, all three elements must be carefully considered. (Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001, p2). Direct monetary rewards are the most obvious compensation component. Sometimes referred to as cash compensation, these rewards encompass all those items involving the payment of dollars to employees for work accomplished or effect expanded(e. g. wage, a salary, a commission). Whether paid by the hour, by the month, or by another method, direct compensation is discretionary income to the employee. He or she is able to spend it in whatever way desired for the purchase of goods and services. (Caruth, N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001, p2). Indirect monetary payments include those items of financial value the organization provide to employees that do not result directly in employees receiving spendable dollars. This compensation component is usually referred to as benefits. Including in this category are various forms of protection (health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance) and services (financial counseling, employer subsidized cafeterias, uniforms, free parking). Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001,p3). Psychological Satisfactions consists of the psychological satisfactions sometimes called psychic incomewhich a worker derives from the work he or she performs and the environment in which it is performed. This form of compensation includes opportunities to perform meaningful work, social interactions with others in the workplace, job training, advancement possi bilities, recognition, and a host of similar factors. Caruth,N. L. and Handlogten, G. D. 2001). In my opinion, Caruth and Handlogten’s three compensation components are more acceptable and with better practice guarding value compared with Fallon et al. and Rodenhauser’s summarization of compensation. Since the latter two authors’ understanding about compensation are mainly focus on general reward management which less of unique competitive advantage compared with other companies which provide more psychological satisfaction. Because psychological satisfaction is related with a broader concept, such as company’s management model, company culture and individual’s life value, harmonious interpersonal relationship and so on. (Example 18) If a talented chip engineer wants his innovation protected and applied properly, he will choose to work for Intel rather than HP, although maybe HP provides better direct and indirect compensation, because Intel is famous for RD, vertical management which will give his innovation a very good research and patent protection environment. Example 19) In1983, Apple CEO Jobs invited Pepsi former CEO John Sculley to join with him together as combined CEO of Apple, Jobs just said a word to Sculley : â€Å"Whether you want to sell soda water all your life or instead to change the world? †. Last, Sculley moved by Jobs’s personal magnetism charisma and joined Apple which has fiercer market competition. 2. 3 Total Reward Management 2. 3. 1 Definition of total reward management The terminology ‘reward management’ was first introduced by Armstrong and Murlis in 1988 with the aim to meet the flexible, diverse and innovative reward management for a better employee performance. The activity ‘reward management’, has been described as encompassing not only the development, maintenance, communication, and evaluation of reward processes, but also concerned with the development of appropriate organizational cultures, underpinning core values and increasing the commitment and motivation of employees(Armstrong and Murlis,1998 quoted in Beardwell Claydon. 010. p502) In my opinion, total reward management firstly it is holistic and comprehensive, as for the means of reward, it is almost including all the categories of reward, such as direct as well as indirect, psychological satisfaction, tangible and intangible, intrinsic along with extrinsic from which employee can obtain satisfaction through their work. Secondly, company environment, such as the company pursuit, fundamental value orientation, humanistic concern are also an influential factor for employee’s career consideration. Only by successful application of the above rewards categories, organization can maximize its business performance and leads to sustained competitive advantage. However, every above step needs employer’s sound mastering of reward function, strategic pay, efficient communication rate and correct motivation choice. 2. 3. 2 The Tovers Perrin Model of Total Reward In order for us to choose correct reward program in a diverse situation, we should firstly familiar with the possible classification of total reward. Please refer to the next figure 1 of Tovers Perrin total reward model; Transactional (tangible) | | Pay | Benefits | |Base Pay | | |Contingent pay |Pensions | |Cash bonuses |Holidays | |Long 20) base pay, variable pay, long term incentives, and so on is belonging to this category. The below relational, also is intangible refers to indirect or psychological satisfaction of employee. (Example 21) Such as job autonomy, career opportunities, involvement and employee voice an d so on. The transactional rewards are basic components of total reward; most of the companies will conduct various transactional rewards to recruit, keep and motivate their employee. In the contrary, the relational rewards has plenty significance, except its specific function of motivating employee, it also plays as an intensive role for the above transactional rewards. If we say the transactional rewards satisfied with employee’s material requirement, then we can say the relational rewards meets their spiritual demand. Thus, a successful total reward management should be combine both transactional and relational rewards. 2. 4 Critical analysis of motivation After understanding of what employer should know, next we should also clear of what the employee wants? This is involving with what motivates employee most? The most useful motivation model is provided by a psychologist, Professor Abraham Maslow, which is known as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. In this model, human needs for survival are primary; the need for safety is secondary. Following in sequence are needs related to love and belonging, the need for esteem, and the need for self 23) Many successful billionaires’ first priorities are not always self-actualization, on the contrary, they will pay much attention on their safety in case of murder or kidnapping arise from their huge wealth. (Example 24) A newly graduated ambitious student will probably choose a low salary and low self-esteem work which is of great help of their self-actualization in the future, for instance, during those years, certain Chinese university graduate choose to work beginning as a manual labor, such as planting vegetable or butcher. They aim to grow better and more nutritious vegetable using their knowledge learnt in school and by advanced management to operate a famous butcher chain in China. Thus, we cannot explain the above cases use Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, because they are actually not abide by one low needs satisfied than move to another higher need. However, Clayton Alderfer covered the shortage of Malslow s theory with his ERG theory. Alderfer think Malsows hierarchy have some overlap in middle levels, so he reduced Malsows five levels of need into three which are Existence: Physiological and safety needs Relatedness: Social and external esteem needs Growth: Self-actualization and internal esteem needs. As ERG is based on Malsows Hierarchy, so it has similarity, that is also in hierarchicalexistence is the first consideration, then moves to relatedness needs, the last and also highest is growth. Their difference is ERG allows people to pursue the different levels at the same time. (Example 25)We doing our job, except obtaining the payment for the basic existence need, we still desire to achieve social and external esteem as well. Another difference is ERG allows the different needs for different people, which means taking consideration of every one’s specific condition. Just like the above cases show, billionaire may probably choose existence; a poor student will be interested in growth firstly. Last difference is when an employee failed to obtain a higher level of need, then they will probably regress to a lower level, which he or she can reach at present, this is known as â€Å"frustration 26) If an employee cannot reach growth need, then they will move to relatedness instead, so in such situation, employer should try to provide relatedness needs to motivate employee until the growth change come. Thus, under ERG theory, managers should know that every employee has different motivation requirement or several needs at the same time, thus we should apply the motivation step flexibly and distinctively. 3. Conclusion Last, let’s come back to our question. After understanding the compensation program and total reward management as well as motivation theories, I do agree that employer still keep benefit, as benefit is a crucial part of total compensation. It is a dispensable value of employee’s payment from their service for the company. (Example 27), such as national insurance, compensation, retirement benefit is an important element of a family’s financial condition and also beneficial for social stability. Furthermore, if other competitor companies provide better benefit, it will definitely reduce our company’s advantage to attract experienced employees thus affect the company’s performance and sustainable development in the long term. However, I disagree that the employer simply adds more direct compensation. Just as this thesis mentioned above, when we establish or adjust reward management policy, we should take the following factors into consideration. Firstly, clearly define direct and indirect compensation package, let employee understand what benefit that they can get from them. Secondly, establish total reward management according to the employee’s specific situation, such as the application of cafeteria benefits plan, (Example 28) a child-care voucher will be unappealing for a single young employee but is a competitive benefit for a single parent. (Example 29) A VIP club membership discount card would be meaningless for a just graduated poor student compared with a valuable training or a good employer to guide him. (Example 30) An employee with two elderly and weak parents at home will be more motivated by elder care or flexible work schedule arrangements rather than increased mileage allowance. Thus, we can conclude that a successful and effective reward management should be based on a thorough understanding of employee’s motivation incentive and choose and establish the appropriate combination of transactional and relational rewards program, and then our reward management will not be undervalued by employees. References: Books: 1. Armstrong, M. (2009) Armstrong’s Handbook of Human Resouce Management Practice (11th ed). London, Kogan Page. Pp 742-743. 2. Baron, A. and Armstrong, M. (2007) Human Capital Management Achieving Added Value through People. London, Kogan Page Limited, pp. 114-116 p. 192. 3. Beardwell, J. and Claydon,T (2010) Human Resource Management A Contemporary Approach(6th ed). England, Prentice Hall, p501. 4. Bogardus, A. M. 2009) PHR/SPHR Professional in Human Resources Certification Study Guide (3rd ed). Indianapolis,Wiley Publishing, p275. 5. Caruth, N. L. and Handlogten,G. D. (2001) Managing Compensation (and Understanding It Too): A hand b ook for the perplexed. American, Greenwood Publishing Group, pp1-3 6. Dessler,G. (2011) Human Resource Management (12th ed) New Jersey, Pearson Education, pp490-518. 7. Fallon,L. F. and Zgodzinski,E. J. (2005) Essentials of Public Health Management (2nd ed) London, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, p 184. 8. Harzing, A-W and Ruysseveldt, J. V (2006) International Human Resource Management (2nd ed) London, SAGE Publications Ltd. pp. 306 -325. . Milliken,M. E. and Honeycuttt,A. (2004)Understanding Human Behavior: A guide for health care providers (7th ed). USA,Thomson Delmar Learning, p73 10. Nieto,M. L. (2006) An Introduction to Human Resource ManagementAn Integrated Approach. New York, Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 183-186 pp. 194-195. 11. Rodenhauser, P (2000) Mental Health Care Administration: a Guide for Practitioners. (4th ed) Michigan, University of Michigan, p 218. Bibliographies: Internet: 1, Barclay employee benefit http://group. barclays. com/Careers/Personal-development/Rewards-and -benefits [Accessed on April 16] 2. Befenit Management bmshealth. com/company. sp [Accessed on April 8] 3. Colonial life (Spring 2009) coloniallife. com/en/Newsroom/~/media/acrobat/newsroom/white%20papers/NS-10681_white_paper. ashx [Accessed on April 12] 4. Contingent pay jrank. org/business/pages/280/contingent-pay. html April 19 [Accessed on April 19] 5. Critical analysis http://library. bcu. ac. uk/learner/Study%20Skills%20Guides/4%20Critical%20analysis. htm [Accessed on April 20] 6. Difference between direct and indirect compensation [Accessed on March 5th] 7. Direct compensation http://payroll. naukrihub. com/compensation/direct-compensation. html [Accessed on March5th] 8. ERG netmba. om/mgmt/ob/motivation/erg/ [Accessed on April 21] 9. Harward style of refering library. dmu. ac. uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard. pdf [Accessed on April 9] 10. Harward style of referring (September 2008) http://libraryonline. leedsmet. ac. uk/lco/publications/pdf/subj/is-9. pdf [Accessed on April 9] 11. Herzberg http://changingminds. org/explanations/needs/herzberg_needs. htm [Accessed on April 19] 12. IBM insurance http://www-03. ibm. com/press/us/en/pressrelease/28728. wss#release [Accessed on April 16] 13. Jobs and soda water garden-cn. com/bbs/ShowPost. asp? ThreadID=70 [Assessed on April 20] 14. Nicholson. J. Direct compensation ehow. om/facts_5863432_included-direct-compensation_. html [Accessed on March 5th] 15. Retirement age of U. K (January 13, 2011) bbc. co. uk/news/business-12177927 [Accessed on April 16] 16. Sainsburys employee insurance http://www2. sainsburys. co. uk/aboutus/recruitment/Store+Roles+overview/Reward+and+Benefits/Reward+and+Benefits. htm? WT. svl=2WT. seg_1=nav_secondary [Accessed on April 16] 17. What is an introduction of an essay customessays. co. uk/blog/essay/essay-introduction/ [Accessed on April 9] 18. Woodward-Kron, R. et el. (2000) Introduction to en essay http://unilearning. uow. edu. au/essay/4bii. html [Accessed on April 9]

Role of community nurse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of community nurse - Assignment Example This paper will discuss the roles of community nurses. Communities have unique health needs and require nurses who can disseminate relevant health information to different target groups in the community. Community nurses have been playing this role by interacting with different target populations in a community and providing them with relevant information and knowledge concerning different health issues, through the interactions with community members, community nurses assess and evaluate the health needs of the community members. Therefore, they are in a better position to offer the relevant advice and design intervention strategies in an effort to promote the health of the community. Community nurses engage in an active process of assessing health risks in a community and designing empowerment programs that can help communities address the health risks. Community nurses ensure that all the community members receive the healthcare they deserve in conformity to their needs (Hitchcock, Schubert, & Thomas, 2003). Most importantly, communi ty nurses have the opportunity to offer holistic care to the community because they interact with different individuals within their homes. Some specific activities carried out by the community nurses include the provision of support for patients with different conditions at home. Community nurses help patients take care of themselves and empower their carers as well. They help patients with practical guidelines on diet, lifestyle, and different types of medication. They help patients manage terminal illnesses without the admission into a hospital. Many people with terminal illnesses require emotional support and constant healthcare, especially in the last days of their lives. Community nurses help such patients by providing the reassurance they need to face each day. In other cases, community nurses

Position Paper on Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Position Paper on Global Warming - Essay Example However, all of such luxuries have been provided at a cost which is will be paid by the current and the next generations. Global warming is considered to be one of such costs. Global warming is an end product of the major boost in industrialization and deforestation in the past and current century which is causing alarming changes in the environment and temperature levels of the planet. 2. Causes of the Problem United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change explained that the rising of the burning of fossil fuel in vehicles, factories etc causes an alarming increment in the emissions of greenhouse gases that prove to be harmful for the environment (8). The green house gases are an accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen dioxide (N2O). The accumulation of these gasses in the environment tends to trap the sun rays in the Earth’s atmosphere, rather than facilitating them to radiate back to the space. The retention of the heat rays from the sum tend s to cause an increment in the temperature of the planet and results in greenhouse effect. This is known as global warming. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change quoted figures that highlight the level of increment in the CO2 emissions in the past years; the boost in industrializations in the past 25 years caused an increment of emissions from 278 parts per million to an alarming high level of 379 parts per million in 2005 (8). Gore has done tremendous work with the aim of bringing about awareness regarding the crisis of global warming. He considered the production of power from fossil fuel burning as the biggest threat to global warming in the prevailing times and promotes immediate rectification of the source (4). Figure 1: Presence of CO2 in the environment over the years (Hoeven, 8) The above figure shows the increasing levels of CO2 in the environment for the past 40 years. It can also be noticed that the pace of increment has fastened since the beginning of the present century. Gore considered deforestation as the second major source of emissions of CO2 in the environment (187). The increasing trend of industrialization and urbanization has caused an increase in deforestation activities which leads to producing greater electricity and heat. Deforestation has dual effects on the environment. Firstly, upon cutting the trees the CO2 present in the trees is led out into the atmosphere. Secondly, trees are naturally equipped to absorb the CO2 from their surroundings; this natural cycle is disturbed when the trees are no longer present to absorb CO2. Toepfer explained another reason of the emergence of global warming; the depletion of ozone layer (2). Ozone layer serves as a shield (of molecules) from the intense heat rays from the sun. Toepfer stated after years of usage of manmade chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), it has been concluded by scientists that these emissions cause the depletion of the ozone layer (2). CFCs are utilized in air conditioners, refrigerators, spray cans etc. The depletion of the ozone layer disturbs the natural process of protecting the planet from intense heat rays and results in increasing the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. 3. Effects of Global Warming The following figure shows the projected increasing temperature in the atmosphere of the planet that is predicted to bear even more disastrous effects in the future: Figure 2: Projected increase in

Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Convergence and Implication

Terrestrial Digital Broadcasting Convergence and Implication Reza Tadayoni*, Knud Erik Skouby Center for Tele-Information, Technical University of Denmark, Building 371, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Abstract This paper is a contribution to the development of analyses of the process of converging media and to the  clarification of the regulatory implications of this process. It is generally agreed that the process of  convergence between telecommunications, IT and broadcasting through its technological, organisational,  and market/service aspects has far-reaching inßuence on the sectors involved and on future socio-economic  settings. The paper explores the preparation for introduction of terrestrial digital television in Denmark as an  aspect in the general process of convergence. The explorative analysis establishes an understanding of the  technological issues and drivers in the development, which in interaction shape a digital distribution  structure that is a concrete part of convergence. Based on this understanding, a model à  the OSA-model à  is  suggested for the techno-economic structure of distribution of terrestrial digital TV. The model is used to  dis cuss market prospects and regulatory implications, as these are derived from the interplay of traditional  areas of regulation in the three sectors and areas emerging as candidates for regulatory activity based on their  functionality. The discussion of the process of introduction of terrestrial digital TV in Denmark thus provides  a general analysis of convergence and its regulatory implications. ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights  reserved. Keywords: Terrestrial digital broadcasting; Convergence; DAB; DVB 1. Introduction During the past few decades the communication landscape has been subject to radical changes. Traditionally, communication has been divided in three sectors à  telecommunication, broadcasting  and information technology (IT) à  which cover di ¤erent communication applications. The sectoral  0308-5961/99/$ à  see front matter ( 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 8 5 9 6 1 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 0 8 6 X 1 This work is a result of participating in two Danish research projects: Service development, Internationalisation and Competences (SIC) project. Distributed Multi Media (DMM) project. 2DAB and DVB is used for digital audio broadcasting and digital video broadcasting, respectively, without reference  to the speciÞc European technologies/protocols-agreements using DAB and DVB as brand names.   Division has been based not only on di ¤erent technologies being used in the di ¤erent sectors but it  has also evolved in close interplay between political-regulatory interventions, economic considerations  and technological characteristics. Understanding the di ¤erent aspects of regulation in the information age requires a solid  understanding of the development in the communication landscape as well as of the ongoing  process of convergence between the traditionally separate forms of communication and of the  Ãƒâ€information fusionÕ. Technological speciÞcity has not been determining for sectoral division and is  not determining for the convergence process but it has been a vital factor in this process. 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Economic Development and Industrialization Essay

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines. Characteristics of industrialization include the use of technological innovation to solve problems as opposed to superstition or dependency upon conditions outside human control such as the weather, as well as more efficient division of labor and economic growth. Industrialization is most commonly associated with the European Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The onset of the second World War also led to a great deal of industrialization which resulted in the growth and development of large urban centers and as well as suburbs. Industrialization is an outgrowth of capitalism. Before India was introduced to the industrialization or the industrial revolution, india was largely an agricultural country. Before the british invasion India became famous for her handicrafts and textiles too. During the Mughal Period, India had a considerable variety of arts and handicrafts and the products commanded wide range of foreign markets. At that time no other country produced products that could be imported to India in exchange for cotton and silk goods which were in world-wide demand. Europe had to pay in billions for the increasing volume of Indian exports. India was also famous for jewelry of exquisite quality made out of gold, silver, copper, brass and bell-metal.Many urban centers were famous for carving work in ivory, wood, stone and marble. In bigger towns each handicraft was organized into a guild which safeguarded the professional interest of its members. The emergence of modern industrial enterprises can be traced back to the end of the 18th century. The new industrial activity took two forms, plantations and factory industries. Real and satisfactory progress in the factory industries began only after 1875. During the next two decades, two textile units – cotton and jute- flourished. Initially, India’s domestic economy depended mostly on the agriculture. Globally, its textile and jewelry industry were very famous, but since all the industries were fully controlled by man, the speed of the produce could not match the growing demands of foreign merchants. Then began the industrial revolution in india, which was introduced by the british. The use of machines in the industries brought about great progress and economical growth to the country. One of the main reasons why India is a member of the BRICS nations[->0] and is tipped to be the next global superpower is its rapid pace of industrialization. India’s industrial growth was recorded in 2010 at 16.8%, highest in 20 years. Thus it has a major contribution to India’s economic growth rate in 2010-2011 which is measured at about an impressive 8.6%. The rate of investment in India has been found to have exceeded 36% of the country’s GDP and this has happened because India is making progress in the industrial sector by leaps and bounds. On the technology front, the biggest advancements were in steam power. New fuels such as coal and petroleum, were incorporated into new steam engines. This revolutionized many industries including textiles and manufacturing. Also, a new communication medium was invented called the telegraph. This made communicating across the ocean much faster. But, along with this great leap in technology, there was an overall downfall in the socioeconomic and cultural situation of the people. Growth of cities were one of the major consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Many people, who initially practiced agriculture, were imposed on with heavy taxes and unable to pay taxes to the british officers were forced to move to the cities. With the new industrial age, a new qauntitative and materialistic view of the world took place. This caused the need for people to consume as much as they could. This still happens today. The negative impact of industrial revolution on india is due to two major facto rs. ââ€" ªIndia’s large population and Introduction of alternative machinery which were more efficient than man– These two factors are closely interrelated:- ââ€" ª the introduction of finer machinery improved the production of goods and reduced the number of employees. Since a large number of indians who were once practicing agriculture were led to the factories, a major population was now going with the swing of the industrial revolution, i.e.. working in the factories.the introduction of finer machinery improved the production of goods and reduced the number of employees and adversely affected the middle class and lower sections of the society. One machine could perform what ten men could and eventually machine replaced man. Lots and lots of people were jobless. Indians suffer from the industrial revolution even today as a major portion of the indian population is unemployed. Industrialization plays a significant role in the process of economic development. The examples of developed countries indicate that there is a direct relationship between high level of income and industrial development. Industrialization has its own merits as well demerits. The merits are –job creation, development in science and technology,better infrastructure, better healthcare, more amenities and comfort to the masses, more affluence, better educational levels of the masses, good help to agricultural sector in terms of farm equipments, tractors, irrigation tools,pesticides, fertilizers so the country can achieve self sufficiency in food grains. The less developed countries are generally primary producers and import industrial output. With industrialization of their own economy they need not import industrial product from outside and this helps in reducing the trade gap. The question that now arises is â€Å"Is india a developed country?† The answer lies within, whether india is a primary producer or has a industrial economy. In fact, India has a balance of both kinds of economy because agriculture forms a major part of india’s occupation, which is primary produce but, of late, many industries are spreading from cities to villages like wildfire hence, increasing the industrial economy. India is actually developing at a very fast rate in the industrial sector, and at this rate of progress, India is estimated to be a developed superpower. Looking at India’s GDP, India is already a well developed nation, but the lack of well-maintained infrastructure and unorganized roads has prevented it from being titled as a ‘developed nation’. Industrialization also helps in satisfying a variety of demands of the consumer’s. With modernization of the economy the demand for industrial product has increased considerably. Industrialization brings a change in the socio-cultural environment of the economy. It makes people dynamic, hard-working, mobile, skillful, efficient, and punctual. It brings a change in the way-of life of the people and makes people more commercial. It also provides security to the economy by making it self-dependent. India has seen a rapid rise in industrialization in the past few decades, due its expansion in markets such as pharmaceuticals, bio-engineering, nuclear technology, informatics and technology-oriented higher education. These latest trends have made India more globally-minded as their desire to trade with the world increases. It is said that India has deliberately targeted markets they know they can make instant in-roads into. Industries such as pharmaceuticals and bio-engineering have been seen as ideal in increasing the national income using the country’s new-found expertise. Also, India now exports a whole variety of products and knowledge, including petroleum products, textile goods, jewelry, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather merchandise. There are a lot of comparisons drawn between India’s industrialization model and that of China. Both countries have realized the importance of the export market and how to capitalize on their huge workforces – allowing them to become leading powers in the global market on several fronts. Western countries look favorably to countries such as India and China due to their low production costs in comparison to European and US prices; again a favorable characteristic allowing the countries to build their economies. The industrialization of India looks set to continue for some time and the result could well be that India becomes a major player in many global markets in the future. Industrialization plays a vital role in the economic development of an underdeveloped country. The historical facts reveal that all the developed countries of the world broke the vicious circle of underdevelopment by industrialization. 1. Raising Income: The first important role is that industrial development provide a secure basis for a rapid growth of income. 2. Changing the Structure of the Economy: In order to develop the economy underdeveloped countries need structural change through industrialization. History shows that in the process of becoming developed economy the share of the industrial sector should rise and that of the agricultural sector decline. This is only possible through deliberate industrialization. As a result, the benefits of industrialization will ‘trickle down’ to the other sectors of the economy in the form of the development of agricultural and service sectors leading to the rise in employment, output and income. 3. Meeting High-Income Demands: Beyond certain limits, the demands of the people are usually for industrial products alone. After having met the needs of food, income of the people are spent mostly on manufactured goods. This means the income-elasticity of demand for the manufactured goods is high and that of agricultural products is low. To meet these demands and increase the economy’s output underdeveloped countries need industrialization. 4. Overcoming Deterioration in the Terms of Trade: Underdeveloped countries like India need industrialization to free themselves from the adverse effects of fluctuations in the prices of primary products and deterioration in their terms of trade. Such countries mainly export primary products and import manufactured goods. The prices of primary products have been falling or are stable whereas the prices of manufactured products have been rising. This led to deterioration in the terms of trade of the LDCs. For economic development such countries must shake off their dependence on primary products. They should adopt import substituting and export oriented industrialization. 6. Increased employment opportunities. Industrialization provides increased employment opportunities in small and large scale industries. In an agrarian economy, industry absorbs underemployed and unemployed workers of agricultural sector and thereby increases the income of the community. 5. Stimulates progress in other sectors.  Industrialization stimulates progress in other sectors of the economy. A developments of one industry leads to the development and expansion of other industries. For instance the construction of a transistor radio plant, develops the small battery industry (backward linkage). The construction of milk processing plants adds to its line of production ice cream. cone cream plants etc.. (forward linkage). 8. Rise in agricultural production. Industrialization provides machinery like tractors thrashers harvesters, bulldozers, transport, aerial spray etc, to be used in the farm sector. The increased use of modern inputs has increased the yield of crops per hectare. The increase in the income of the farmers has given boost to economic development in the country. 16. Increase in the Government revenue. Industrialization increase the supply of goods both for internal and external markets. The export of goods provides foreign exchange. The customs excise duties and other taxes levied on the production of goods increase the revenue of the State. The income tax received from the industrialists adds to the revenue stream of the Government which eventually is spent for the welfare of the people as a whole.

The Russian Revolution And World War I - 1496 Words

The Russian Revolution and World War I Samantha Jones Period 3 19 May 2017 The Russian Revolution, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, took place in the year 1917. This revolution was the result of many things, though it majorly began as a revolt by the peasant and working classes against the current czar, Nicholas II, and the Russian government. It was when the final czar and his family were killed. This revolution is what led Lenin and the Bolsheviks into power. It was a major contribution to the spread of communism and ultimately in creating the communist country of the Soviet Union. Despite all of the effects the revolution had on Russia, how the country was run, and who controlled the government, it did not†¦show more content†¦Soon, they were joined by military officials and soldiers who refused to shoot the crowds. The czar tried replacing officials in the government, believing that not only would the government approve more of these officials, but that they would be more effective in handling these issues. This ended up failing as th e new officials were objectively worse than the old ones. In the end these attempts led to extreme unrest in Russia, making it very easy for people such as Lenin and the Bolsheviks to come and start the ultimate revolution and take down the current monarchical government. The war brought with it many economic and militaristic issues that ultimately led to the Bolshevik Revolution. The military revolts were a major part of the Russian Revolution, making it very difficult for battles to be won on the Russian front. This meant they made no major moves either beneficial or detrimental to either side of the war. Much of this is to the fault of Czar Nicholas II, as, despite having no prior military experience, he decided to lead the military effort. As mentioned previously, an estimated fifteen and a half million men were drafted from peasant and working class areas. This led to many of them being untrained. When they were sent to war, many had to wait months in barracks just to be trained. Many were trained with broomsticks due to lack of proper weapons and training tools. The lack of guns and other weapons alsoShow MoreRelatedRussian Revolution After World War I Essay708 Words   |  3 Pages For many revolutions people may argue different reasons why that particular revolution was caused, but there often one that is the primary cause. The Russian Revolution began February 1917, many people in Russia lost faith in their government, especially since they had not done so well to begin with when they participated in World War I. Which resulted in a lot of expenses. 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